Preface -- Abbreviations -- List of Illustrations -- Chapter One Introduction -- A. Methodology -- 1. A Brief History of Development of Frame Theory -- 1.1. Frame Theory, Cognitive Psychology and Artificial Intelligence -- 1.1.1. Frederick Bartlett -- 1.1.2. Marvin Minsky -- 1.1.3. Roger C. Schank and Robert P. Abelson -- 1.1.4. David Rumelhart -- 1.2. Frame Theory and Cognitive Linguistics -- 1.2.1. Charles Fillmore -- 1.2.2. A.J. Sanford and S.C. Garrod -- 1.2.3. George Lakoff -- 1.3. Frame Theory in Biblical Studies and Bible Translation -- 1.4. Frame Theory and Homeric Studies: David Rubin and Elizabeth Minchin -- B. Frame and Mark -- 1. What is a Frame? -- 2. To What Extent is the Application of Modern Frame Theory to Mark's Gospel Valid? -- 3. How Do We Identify Frames in Mark's Gospel? -- 4. The Biblical Implications of the Application of Frame Theory to the Gospel of Mark -- 5. The Relation of Frame Theory to Form Criticism: Similarity and Differences -- C. The Scope and Procedure of Study -- PART ONE ORAL-AURAL COMMUNICATION AND FRAMES -- Chapter Two Mark's Written Gospel, Orality-Aurality, and Memory -- A. Mark's Written Text in Ancient Orality-Aurality -- 1. The Communicative Environment of Mark's Written Gospel: Rhetorical Culture -- 2. Production and Circulation of Ancient Written Texts and Mark's Gospel -- 3. The Use of Ancient Written Texts and Mark's Gospel -- 4. The Addressees of Early Christian Works: Aural Reception -- B. Memory in the Environment of Oral Performance and Aural Reception -- 1. The Speaker's Memory -- 2. The Hearer's Memory -- 3. Memory and Writing -- 4. Memory in the Early Church -- C. Conclusion -- Chapter Three Memory Resources of the Markan Oral-Aural Narrative: Frames -- A. The Oral Features of Mark's Gospel and Frames -- 1. Homeostatic Organization -- 2. Conservative or Traditionalist.

3. Close to Human Life and Situational -- 4. Additive -- 5. Redundant or Copious -- B. The Features of Oral Composition of Mark's Gospel and Frames -- 1. Thematic Composition -- 2. Episodic Structure -- 3. Recall of the Gist of a Story -- C. Conclusion -- Chapter Four Frame Theory -- A. The Nature of Frames -- 1. Structure -- 2. Types and Components -- 2.1. Thing Frame -- 2.2 Person Frame -- 2.3. Event Frame or Script-Type Frame -- 2.4. Story Frame: Knowledge of Typical Text Structures -- B. Frames' Formal Properties and Information Processing -- 1. The Organization of Information -- 1.1. A Frame Can be Opened by its Core Constituents and Title -- 1.1.1. Bottom-Up Processing -- 1.1.2. Top-Down Processing -- 1.1.3. Metonymic Model -- 1.1.4. Preceding Discourse-Based Model -- 1.2. Frames Delimit Information Semantically -- 1.3. Frames Determine the Structure of Information by Providing Event or Action Sequences -- 1.4. Frames Organize Information into Chunks Hierarchically and Causally -- 1.5. A Global Frame Assigns Other Frames into its Subframes -- 1.6. Frames Allow Metaphorical Links -- 1.7. Frames Determine Grammatical Choices -- 1.7.1. The Predicative Participle and Main Verb -- 1.7.2. The Article -- 1.7.3. The Rhetorical Question -- 1.7.4. Contraexpectation Markers -- 1.7.5. Agentless Construction and Pronoun -- 1.7.6. Participial Noun Phrase -- 1.7.7. Temporal Clause -- 1.7.8. Evaluative Language -- 2. The Comprehension of Information -- 2.1. Frames Provide Essential Elements of Narrative Comprehension -- 2.2. Frames Enable Expectation -- 2.2.1. Stereotype and Expectation -- 2.2.2. Goal-Directed Sequence and Expectation -- 2.3. Frames Enable Making Inferences -- 2.3.1. Cultural Knowledge and Inference -- 2.3.2. Default Values and Inference -- 2.3.3. A Causal Chain and Inference.

2.4. Frame Deviation Enhances Interest in and Remembering of Information -- 2.5. The Textual Expressions of Frames Bear a Particular Perspective -- C. Conclusion -- PART TWO THE APPLICATION OF FRAME THEORY TO MARK'S ORAL-AURAL NARRATIVE -- Chapter Five Frames and the Organization of the Controversy Stories (Mark 2.1-3.6) -- A. The Frame Organization of Mark 2.1-3.6 into a Larger Thematic Unit -- 1. Controversy or Conflict and the Early Christians -- 2. The legal controversy Frame of Mark 2.1-3.6 -- 2.1. Provocative Events -- 2.2. Charge -- 2.3. Defence -- 2.4. Verdict -- 3. The Other legal controversy Stories in Mark's Gospel -- B. Frames' Organization of Paragraph or Episode -- 1. What is a Paragraph or Episode? -- 2. Frames' Help Bind Episodic Units by Defining their Boundary Markers: Place, Character, and Thing Frames -- 2.1. The First Episode (Mark 2.1-12) -- 2.1.1. A Setting Marker: The house Frame -- 2.1.2. A Character Marker: The paralytic Frame -- 2.2. The Second Episode (Mark 2.13-17) -- 2.2.1. Setting Markers: The seashore and the house Frame -- 2.2.2. A Character Marker: The tax collector Frame -- 2.3. The Third Episode (Mark 2.18-22) -- 2.4. The Fourth Episode (Mark 2.23-28) -- 2.4.1. Setting Markers: The sabbath Frame and the grainfield Frame -- 2.5. The Fifth Episode (Mark 3.1-6) -- 2.5.1. A Setting Marker: The synagogue Frame -- 2.5.2. A Character Marker: "The Man with A Withered Hand" Frame -- 3. Frames Bind Episodic Units in Terms of their Prototypical Event Sequences -- 3.1. The First Episode (Mark 2.1-12) -- 3.1.1. Provocative Action: Jesus' Pronouncement of Forgiveness of Sins (Mark 2.1-5) -- 3.1.2. Charge: The Scribes' Charge against Jesus Making a Claim to Forgive Sins (Mark 2.6-7) -- 3.1.3. Defence: Jesus' Defence of His Authority to Forgive (Mark 2.8-11).

3.1.4. Verdict: God and the Onlooker's Vindication of Jesus (Mark 2.12) -- 3.2. The Second Episode (Mark 2.13-17) -- 3.2.1. Provocative Action: Jesus' Table Fellowship with Tax Collectors and Sinners (Mark 2.13-15) -- 3.2.2. Charge: The Scribes/Pharisees' Charge against Jesus Eating with a Tax Collector and Sinners (Mark 2.16) -- 3.2.3. Defence: Jesus' Defence of His Meal Practice (Mark 2.17) -- 3.3. The Third Episode (Mark 2.18-22) -- 3.3.1. Provocative Action: The Non-fasting of Jesus' Disciples (Mark 2.18a) -- 3.3.2. Charge: The Scribes' Charge of the Disciples' Non-fasting (Mark 2.18b) -- 3.3.3. Defence: Jesus' Defence of the Non-fasting of his Followers (Mark 2.19-22) -- 3.4. The Fourth Episode (Mark 2.23-28) -- 3.4.1. Provocative Action: The Disciples' Plucking of the Grain on the Sabbath (Mark 2.23) -- 3.4.2. Charge: The Pharisees' Charge of the Violation of the Sabbath Laws by Jesus' Disciples (Mark 2.24) -- 3.4.3. Defence: Jesus' Defence of His Disciples' Violation of the Sabbath Laws (Mark 2.25-28) -- 3.5. The Fifth Episode (Mark 3.1-6) -- 3.5.1. Provocative Action: Jesus' Expected Healing of the Man with a Withered Hand in the Synagogue (Mark 3.1) -- 3.5.2. Charge: The Pharisees' Charge of Jesus' Expected Healing (Mark 3.2) -- 3.5.3. Defence: Jesus' Defence of Healing on the Sabbath (Mark 3.3-5) -- 3.5.4. Verdict: God's Vindication and the Pharisees' Guilty Verdict of Jesus (Mark 3.5b-6) -- C. Frames Organization of Sentences -- 1. Use by Frames of New Testament Grammatical Categories: Main Verbs and Participial Clauses -- 2. The Analysis of Sentences -- 2.1. The First Episode (Mark 2.1-12) -- 2.2. The Second Episode (Mark 2.13-17) -- 2.3. The Third Episode (Mark 2.18-22) -- 2.4. The Fourth Episode (Mark 2.23-28) -- 2.5. The Fifth Episode (Mark 3.1-6) -- D. Conclusion.

Chapter Six Frames and the Processing of the Controversy Stories (Mark 2.1-3.6) -- A. The First Episode (Mark 2.1-12) -- 1. Preparing Stage (Mark 2.1-2) -- 2. Inciting Incident (Mark 2.3-5) -- 3. Mounting Tension (Mark 2.6-7) -- 4. Climax (Mark 2.8-11) -- 5. Closure (Mark 2.12) -- B. The Second Episode (Mark 2.13-17) -- 1. Preparing Stage (Mark 2.13-14) -- 2. Inciting Incident (Mark 2.15) -- 3. Mounting Tension (Mark 2.16) -- 4. Climax (Mark 2.17) -- C. The Third Episode (Mark 2.18-22) -- 1. Preparing Stage/Inciting Incident (Mark 2.18a) -- 2. Mounting Tension (Mark 2.18b) -- 3. Climax ( Mark 2.19-22) -- D. The Fourth Episode (Mark 2.23-28) -- 1. Preparing Stage (Mark 2.23a)/Inciting Incident (Mark 2.23b) -- 2. Mounting Tension (Mark 2.24) -- 3. Climax ( Mark 2.25-28) -- E. The Fifth Episode (Mark 3.1-6) -- 1. Preparing Stage/Inciting Incident (Mark 3.1) -- 2. Mounting Tension (Mark 3.2) -- 3. Climax ( Mark 3.3-5) -- 4. Closure (Mark 3.5b-6) -- F. Conclusion -- Chapter Seven Conclusion -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- Index of Modern Authors -- Index of Subject -- Index of Ancient Sources.