Subtitling Norms for Television -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Dedication page -- Table of contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgement -- Chapter 1: Subtitling as audiovisual translation -- 1.1. Audiovisual choice -- 1.2. The nature of subtitling -- 1.2.1 The subtitling process -- 1.2.2 The constraints of subtitling -- 1.2.3 A contract of illusion -- Chapter 2: Norms in general and particular -- 2.1. The Descriptive paradigm -- 2.2. In search of norms -- 2.3. The potency of norms -- 2.4. The content of norms -- 2.4.1 Toury's norms -- 2.4.2 Chesterman's norms -- 2.5. Norms, strategies and solutions -- Chapter 3: Extralinguistic Cultural References as translation problems -- 3.1. Translation problems -- 3.2. Extralinguistic Cultural References (ECRs) -- 3.2.1 Selection criteria: Language and culture -- 3.2.2 Defining reference -- 3.2.3 What's in a name? -- 3.2.4 The world of references -- 3.2.5 The domains of ECRs -- 3.3. Where ECRs are found and why -- Chapter 4: Translation strategies -- 4.1. Taxonomies of translation strategies -- 4.2. A taxonomy for rendering ECRs in subtitling -- 4.2.1 Retention: Keeping ST elements in the TT -- 4.2.2 Specification: Explaining ST items -- 4.2.3 Direct Translation -- 4.2.4 Generalization: Replacing the specific with the general -- 4.2.5 Substitution: replacing culture (with culture) -- 4.2.5.1 Cultural Substitution by Transcultural ECR -- 4.2.5.2 Cultural Substitution by Target Culture ECR -- 4.2.5.3 Situational Substitution -- 4.2.6 Omission: Deleting the ECR -- 4.2.7 Using an Official Equivalent: The ready-made solution -- 4.3. Product and process: A question of perspectives -- Chapter 5: Influencing parameters -- 5.1. Transculturality: How well known an ECR is -- 5.2. Extratextuality: The independent existence of ECRs.

5.3. Centrality: How important an ECR is -- 5.4. Polysemiotics: The interplay between channels -- 5.5. Co-text: The rest of the dialogue -- 5.6. Media-specific constraints -- 5.7. The effects of the Subtitling Situation -- Chapter 6: Empirical subtitling norms for television -- 6.1. Material -- 6.1.1 Extratextual sources -- 6.1.2 The ESIST corpus -- 6.1.3 The Scandinavian Subtitles Corpus -- 6.2. Technical norms: Subtitles coming and going -- 6.2.1 A diachronic study -- 6.2.1.1 Expected reading speed -- 6.2.1.2 Subtitle density -- 6.2.1.3 Condensation rate -- 6.2.2 Discussion of the development -- 6.3. How cultural references are rendered -- 6.3.1 Easy Rs in Swedish and Danish subtitles -- 6.3.2 Not so easy Rs in Swedish and Danish subtitles -- 6.3.2.1 Retention -- 6.3.2.2 Specification -- 6.3.2.3 Direct Translation -- 6.3.2.4 Generalization -- 6.3.2.5 Substitution -- 6.3.2.6 Omission -- 6.3.2.7 Official Equivalents -- 6.4. Directness in subtitling -- 6.5. Norm development over time: The case of Cultural Substitution -- 6.6. Formulating subtitling norms -- 6.6.1 Long versus short format: TV series vs. feature films -- 6.6.2 Differences of genre -- 6.6.3 Technical subtitling norms: Differences in subtitle density -- 6.6.4 Orientation norms: Foreign or domesticated subtitles -- 6.6.5 Guidance norms: Whether or not to aid the viewer -- 6.6.6 Lower-level norms -- Chapter 7: Prototypical subtitling -- 7.1. Brief summary -- 7.2. Defaults of subtitling -- Sources -- Primary Sources -- Main material -- Supplementary material -- Secondary sources -- Books, articles and web sites -- Audiovisual material not in the corpus -- Appendix A: The Scandinavian Subtitles Corpus -- Abbreviations -- Films -- TV Programmes -- Appendix B: Glossary -- Index.