Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- Epidemiology of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases in Low and Middle Income Countries - A Review -- Abstract -- 1. 1. Introduction -- 1.2. Methodology -- 1.3. Results -- 1.2. Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus -- 1.2.1. Description of Diabetes -- 1. 2.2. Diabetes Risk Factors -- 1. 2.3. Diabetes Prevalence -- 1.2.4. Diabetes Morbidity -- 1.2.5. Diabetes Mortality -- 1.2.6. Diabetes Economic and Social Burden -- 1.3. Epidemiology of CVD -- 1.3.1. Definition -- 1.3.2. CVD Risk Factors -- 1.3.3. CVD Prevalence -- 1.3.4. CVD Mortality -- / -- 1.3.6. CVD Economic and Social Burden -- 1.4. Epidemiology of Chronic Respiratory Diseases -- 1.4.1. Description of Chronic Respiratory Diseases -- 1.4.2. Chronic Respiratory Disease Risk Factors -- 1.4.3. Chronic Respiratory Disease Prevalence -- 1.4.4. Chronic Respiratory Disease Morbidity -- 1.4.5. Chronic Respiratory Disease Mortality -- / -- 1.4.6. Chronic Respiratory Disease Economic and Social Burden -- 1.5. Cancer -- 1.5.1. Description of Cancer -- 1.5.2. Cancer Risk Factors -- 1.5.3. Cancer Prevalence -- 1.5.4. Cancer Morbidity -- 1.5.5. Cancer Mortality -- 1.5.6. Cancer Economic and Social Burden -- Conclusion -- References -- The Role of Chronic -- Non-Communicable Diseases in Mortality Rates in South Africa, 1997-2006 -- Abstract -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.1.1. Definition of NCD -- 2.2. Methodology -- 2.2.1. Data Sources -- 2.2.2. Coding, Compilation and Publishing of Death Records -- 2.2.3. Completeness of Death Notification Records -- 2.2.4. Age Standardised Death Rates -- 2.3. Results -- 2.3.1. Contribution of NCD to Total Mortality and Trends in South Africa -- 2.3.2. Trends in Standardised Death Rates from NCD -- 2.3.3. Variation and Trend in Standardised Death Rates in NCD Broad Categories.

2.3.4. Variation in Current Death Rates from Cardiovascular Diseases by Sex and Province -- 2.4. Risk Factors -- 2.5. Discussion and Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- An Overview of Chronic Disease Surveillance -- Abstract -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Methods -- 3.3. Results -- 3.3.1. Chronic Disease Surveillance Systems in LMICs -- 3.3. 2. Description of Chronic Disease Surveillance -- 3.3.3. Data Sources and Current Chronic Disease Surveillance Systems in LMICs and HICs -- Death Registration -- Disease Registries -- Ongoing Health Surveys -- Administrative Data -- Sentinel Surveillance -- 3.4. Steps for Developing and Implementing Chronic Disease Surveillance -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Interventions to Prevent and Control Chronic Non-Communicable Disease in South Africa -- Abstract -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Objectives -- 4.3. Methods -- 4.4. Results of the Review -- 4.4.1. Interventions -- School-Based Intervention -- Workplace Interventions -- Community-Based Programmes -- Clinical/Facility Based Interventions -- 4.5. Results Section -- 4.5.1. Strategies and Programmes for Control and Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases in South Africa -- Alcohol Control -- Food-Based Dietary Guidelines -- Tobacco Control -- 4.6. Some Examples of Interventions for Chronic Non-Communicable Disease Prevention and Control in Developing Countries -- 4.6. Conclusion and Recommendations -- 4.7. Limitations -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Public Health Implications of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) in Developing Countries -- Abstract -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Methodology -- 5.3. Results -- 5.3.1. The Public Health Burden of NCDs in Developing Countries -- 5.3.2. Risk Factors -- 5.3.3. Conceptual Framework for Public Health and NCDs -- 5.4. Public Health Implications of NCDs -- in Developing Countries.

5.4.1. Enabling Policy Environment -- 5.4.2. Individual and Population Level Action -- 5.4.3. Health System Response -- 5.4.4. Socio-Cultural Factors -- 5.4.5. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Implications of Chronic -- Non-Communicable Diseases -- on Health Systems -- Abstract -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Methodology -- 6.3. Results -- 6.3.1. The Impact of NCDs on Health Systems -- Metabolic Syndrome -- Cardio-Vascular Diseases -- Mental Health Disorders -- Cancers -- 6.3.2. The Double Impact of Acute Infectious and Chronic Non-communicable Diseases -- 6.3.3. Components of a Health System -- 6.3.4. The State of Health Systems in Developing Countries -- Inadequate Numbers of Personnel -- Fragmented Health Systems -- Poorly Resourced Services -- Poor Access to Health Services -- 6.3.5. The Concept of a Responsive Health System -- 6.3.6. Characteristics of a Responsive Health System -- 1. Policies that are Well Crafted and Can be Implemented -- 2. Efficient Use of Health Resources -- 3. Quality of Care for Non-communicable Diseases -- 4. Solid and Strong Primary Health Care Services -- Prevention Services -- Treatment Services -- Human Resource Development -- Access and Availability of Drugs -- Surveillance -- 6.3.4. Country Guidelines for Management of to Non-Communicable Diseases on Health Systems -- 1. Improve Efficiency/Develop Leadership -- 2. Develop and Implement Policy -- 3. Develop Surveillance Programs, Conduct Health Research and Share Information -- 4. Increase Universal Access to Health Services Related to Prevention, Treatment and Management of NCDs -- 5. Develop Culture-Sensitive Interventions -- 6. Provide Comprehensive Screening Services -- 7. Develop Efficient Prevention Services and Health Promotion Environments -- 8. Improve Effective Treatment Services for NCDs.

9. Strengthen Collaboration -- 10. Improved Financing and Tailor-Made Financing Strategies -- 11. Human Resource Development -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Medicines for Chronic -- Non-Communicable Diseases -- Abstract -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Selection of Medicines -- 7.2.1. Hypertension -- 7.2.2. Diabetes Mellitus -- 7.2.3. Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease -- 7.3. Procurement and Distribution of Medicines -- 7.4. Use of Medicines -- 7.5. Research Needs -- 7.6. Public Health Implications -- and Health System Needs -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Population Ageing: The Changing Profile of Chronic Diseases in Developing Countries -- Abstract -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Methodology -- 8.3. Results -- 8.3.1. Urbanisation and the Changing Health Status of Urban and Rural Older Populations -- 8.3.2. Implications of Population Ageing for Disease Profiles - Chronic Diseases and the Risk Factors -- 8.3.3. Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases -- Diabetes Mellitus -- Smoking -- 8.3.4. Other Chronic Diseases of the Older Persons -- Depression and Dementia -- Neoplastic Diseases -- 8.3.5. Emerging Health and Social Care Needs -- 8.3.6. Implications for Health and Social Care Provision -- 8.4. Discussion -- Planning and Provisioning of Care to Meet the Needs -- Health Care Facilities -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Towards Establishing an NCD Research Agenda -- Abstract -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Methodology -- 9.3. Results -- 9.3.1. Areas of Need -- NCD Research Training -- Dedicated Budget for NCD Research -- 9.3.2. Proposed Areas of Research -- 9.3.2.1. NCD Surveillance Research -- 9.3.2.2. NCD Operational Research -- 9.3.2.3. NCD Prevention Research -- 9.2.3.4. NCD Health Systems Research -- 9.3.2.5. Research on Gender Related Manifestations of NCDs.

9.3.2.6. Strengthen Existing NCD Research Networks -- 9.3.2.7. Need for Research on Social Determinants of NCDs -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Acknowledgment -- About the Editor in Chief -- About the Managing Editor -- About the Contributors -- Index.