Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Lobsters as Part of Marine Ecosystems - A Review -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Species overviews -- 1.2.1 Western rock (spiny) lobster Panulirus cygnus -- 1.2.2 The American lobster Homarus americanus -- 1.3 How far have we come in thinking about lobsters as part of the ecosystem? -- 1.3.1 Panulirus cygnus -- 1.3.2 Homarus americanus -- 1.4 Human role in ecosystem dynamics -- 1.4.1 Institutional structures -- 1.4.2 Direct effects of management -- 1.4.3 Indirect effects - top-down forcing by predator removal -- 1.4.4 Indirect effects - bottom-up forcing by bait subsidies -- 1.4.5 Climate change impacts -- 1.5 Single species to ecosystem management - how far have we come? -- 1.5.1 Panulirus cygnus -- 1.5.2 Homarus americanus -- 1.6 Implications for management and research -- 1.6.1 Top-down, bottom-up ecology -- 1.6.2 Inclusive governance systems -- 1.6.3 Stock rebuilding strategies -- 1.6.4 Environmental drivers of settlement patterns -- 1.6.5 Historical ecosystem structure -- 1.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Genetics of Wild and Captive Lobster Populations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Population structure -- 2.2.1 Chaotic genetic patchiness -- 2.2.2 Post-glaciation demographic expansions -- 2.3 Species identification -- 2.4 Applications of species identification and DNA barcoding to lobster research and management -- 2.4.1 DNA surveillance of product substitution and cross-contamination -- 2.4.2 Identification of wild lobsters -- 2.4.3 Charactering lobster diets -- 2.4.4 DNA-based methods typically employed for species identification -- 2.4.5 Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism -- 2.4.6 Melt-curve analysis -- 2.4.7 Species-specific polymerase chain reaction -- 2.5 Variation in reproductive success.

2.6 Genetic effects of harvesting -- 2.6.1 Fishing-induced evolution -- 2.6.2 Impacting genetic diversity -- 2.7 Considerations for aquaculture and stock enhancement -- 2.7.1 Aquaculture -- 2.7.2 Stock enhancement -- 2.8 Conclusions and future directions -- References -- Chapter 3: Enhancement of Lobster Fisheries to Improve Yield and Value -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 What is enhancement? -- 3.1.2 The motivation for enhancement -- 3.2 Monitoring the outcomes of enhancement operations -- 3.2.1 Growth and reproduction -- 3.2.2 Survival/changes to natural mortality -- 3.2.3 Displacement and integration of released lobsters -- 3.2.4 Habitat and predator change -- 3.3 Economic and policy issues -- 3.3.1 Economic feasibility -- 3.3.2 Optimal management of harvests with enhancement -- 3.3.3 Ownership, policy and risk -- 3.4 Case studies -- 3.4.1 Clawed lobster restocking -- 3.4.2 Range extension of American lobster to Europe -- 3.4.3 Improving yield in Southern rock lobster: translocating low quality adults -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: The Impact of Climate Change on Exploited Lobster Stocks -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Case studies -- 4.2.1 Western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus) -- 4.2.2 Southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) -- 4.2.3 American lobster (Homarus americanus) -- 4.3 Other lobster species -- 4.3.1 Caribbean lobster (Panulirus argus) -- 4.3.2 Southern African west coast rock lobster (Jasus lalandii) -- 4.3.3 Hawaiian lobster (Panulirus marginatus) -- 4.3.4 Japanese lobster (Panulirus japonicus) -- 4.3.5 Californian lobster (Panulirus interruptus) -- 4.3.6 Pronghorn spiny lobster (Panulirus pencillatus) -- 4.3.7 European lobster (Homarus gammarus) -- 4.3.8 Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) -- 4.4 Discussion -- 4.4.1 Climate change effect type -- 4.4.2 Sensitivity to environmental effects -- 4.4.3 Climate change effects.

4.4.4 Implications for stock assessment -- 4.4.5 Implications for management -- 4.4.6 Risk assessment approach to assess vulnerability -- 4.5 Conclusions and future research -- References -- Chapter 5: Systems to Maximize Economic Benefits in Lobster Fisheries -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Economic concepts used in lobster fishery management -- 5.2.1 Net economic benefits -- 5.2.2 Economic targets and performance measures -- 5.2.3 Bioeconomic modelling -- 5.3 Lobster fishery management systems -- 5.3.1 Limited entry -- 5.3.2 Effort limitation -- 5.3.3 Quota management -- 5.3.4 Territorial use rights -- 5.4 Resource sharing and allocation of lobster stocks -- 5.4.1 Recreational and commercial sectors -- 5.4.2 Customary harvests -- 5.4.3 Non-extractive users -- 5.4.4 Dividing catches between nations -- 5.4.5 Managing conflicting objectives -- 5.5 Developing issues in lobster fishery economics -- 5.5.1 Rights-based management systems -- 5.5.2 Multiple species and ecosystem interactions -- 5.5.3 Marine protected areas -- 5.5.4 Climate change -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Lobster Ecolabelling -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 What is ecolabelling? -- 6.1.2 Global context -- 6.2 Ecolabelling objectives -- 6.2.1 Consumers -- 6.2.2 Retailers and wholesalers -- 6.2.3 Fishing and aquaculture industry -- 6.2.4 Non-government organizations -- 6.2.5 Governments -- 6.2.6 Developing countries -- 6.3 Comparative performance assessment -- 6.3.1 Criteria -- 6.3.2 Assessing performance -- 6.4 Ecolabelled lobsters -- 6.4.1 Panulirus cygnus (Australia) -- 6.4.2 Homarus americanus (Canada) -- 6.4.3 Homarus gammarus (France, UK) -- 6.4.4 Panulirus interruptus (Mexico) -- 6.5 Conclusions -- 6.5.1 Management issues -- 6.5.2 Stock issues -- 6.5.3 Environmental impacts -- 6.5.4 Developing countries -- 6.5.5 Successful certification and ecolabelling of lobsters.

Appendix -- Example Aquaculture Criteria and Grades: ecological performance and sustainability stringency -- References -- Chapter 7: Essential Habitats for Panulirus Spiny Lobsters -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Essential habitats for ontogenetic shifters -- 7.2.1 Nursery and juvenile habitats -- 7.2.2 Adult and breeding habitats -- 7.2.3 Foraging habitats -- 7.3 Habitat specialists -- 7.4 Coexisting species: interspecific trade-offs -- 7.5 Global and local threats to habitats used by Panulirus lobsters -- 7.5.1 Fishing practices -- 7.5.2 Coastal development -- 7.5.3 Climate change and ocean acidification -- 7.5.4 Potential effects of habitat loss -- 7.6 Habitat management -- 7.6.1 Marine protected areas -- 7.6.2 Corollary: marine reserves and invasive species -- 7.6.3 Habitat enhancement -- 7.6.4 Casitas and the controversy over their use -- 7.6.5 Corollary: habitat enhancement and disease transmission -- 7.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Homarus -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Species overview -- 8.3 Life-history overview -- 8.4 Growth and age -- 8.4.1 Components of growth -- 8.4.2 Age determination -- 8.5 Maturation -- 8.5.1 Size at onset of maturity -- 8.5.2 Clutch size and fecundity -- 8.6 Larval and pre-settlement dynamics -- 8.7 Postlarval settlement and benthic recruitment -- 8.7.1 Settlement indices -- 8.7.2 Settler - fishery recruit relationship -- 8.8 Meta-population structure -- 8.9 Post-settlement mortality sources -- 8.9.1 Predators and habitat-mediated survival bottlenecks -- 8.9.2 Evidence of density-dependence -- 8.9.3 Disease -- 8.10 Homarus in a changing ecosystem -- 8.10.1 Global climate change effects -- 8.10.2 Altered food webs -- 8.11 Harvest and management of wild populations -- 8.11.1 Gear type and methods -- 8.11.2 Commercial exploitation -- 8.11.3 Fishery management -- 8.12 Mariculture and population enhancement.

8.12.1 Mariculture -- 8.12.2 Stock enhancement -- 8.12.3 Habitat enhancement -- 8.13 Conclusions and future research -- References -- Chapter 9: Jasus and Sagmariasus Species -- 9.1 Species and distribution -- 9.2 Reproduction, life history and growth -- 9.3 Ecology and behaviour -- 9.4 Predators and disease -- 9.5 Population dynamics -- 9.6 Harvest of wild populations and their regulation -- 9.6.1 South Africa and Namibia -- 9.6.2 Australia -- 9.6.3 New Zealand -- 9.6.4 Other Jasus fisheries -- 9.7 Aquaculture -- 9.8 Marine protected areas -- 9.9 Managing ecosystem effects of fishing -- 9.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Panulirus Species -- 10.1 Species and distribution -- 10.2 Life history, growth and reproduction -- 10.3 Predators and diseases -- 10.4 Ecology and behaviour -- 10.5 Population dynamics and regulation -- 10.6 Harvest of wild populations and their regulations -- 10.6.1 Australia and Papua New Guinea -- 10.6.2 Cuba -- 10.6.3 USA (Florida) -- 10.6.4 Brazil -- 10.6.5 Baja California Mexico and California USA -- 10.6.6 India -- 10.6.7 Kenya and Somalia -- 10.6.8 Indonesia -- 10.6.9 Japan -- 10.7 Aquaculture and enhancement -- 10.7.1 Aquaculture -- 10.7.2 Enhancement -- 10.8 Management and conservation -- 10.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Palinurus Species -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Species and distribution -- 11.2.1 Present-day distributions -- 11.2.2 Effects of climate change on past distribution patterns -- 11.3 Biology and ecology -- 11.3.1 Reproductive biology -- 11.3.2 Larval dispersal patterns and recruitment of pueruli -- 11.3.3 Moulting and growth -- 11.3.4 Population structure, size composition and sex ratios -- 11.3.5 Migrations and movement -- 11.3.6 Predators, defence and natural mortality -- 11.3.7 Diet -- 11.4 Molecular phylogeny and evolution -- 11.5 Harvest of wild populations.

11.5.1 Palinurus elephas.