Functional Hemodynamic Monitoring: Foundations and Future -- Therapeutic goals -- Defining Hemodynamic Instability -- Determinants of Blood Flow and Organ Perfusion -- Determining Effectiveness of Regional Perfusion -- Microcirculatory and Mitochondrial Distress Syndrome (MMDS): A New Look at Sepsis -- ‘Adequate’ Hemodynamics: A Question of Time? -- Limits and Applications of Hemodynamic Monitoring -- Arterial Pressure: A Personal View -- Central Venous Pressure: Uses and Limitations -- Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure: Measurement, Significance, and Clinical Uses -- Cardiac Output by Thermodilution and Arterial Pulse Contour Techniques -- Clinical Value of Intrathoracic Volumes from Transpulmonary Indicator Dilution -- Methodology and Value of Assessing Extravascular Lung Water -- Arterial Pulse Contour Analysis: Applicability to Clinical Routine -- Arterial Pulse Power Analysis: The LiDCO? plus System -- Esophageal Doppler monitoring -- Splanchnic Blood Flow -- Measurement of Oxygen Derived Variables and Cardiac Performance -- Microcirculatory Blood Flow: Videomicroscopy -- Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation (SvO2) -- Central Venous Oxygen Saturation (ScvO2) -- DO2/VO2 relationships -- Cardiac Preload Evaluation Using Echocardiographic Techniques -- Right Ventricular End-Diastolic Volume -- Assessment of Fluid Responsiveness -- Fluid Therapy of Tissue Hypoperfusion -- The Use of Central Venous Pressure in Critically Ill Patients -- Arterial Pressure Variation during Positive-pressure Ventilation -- Arterial Pulse Pressure Variation During Positive Pressure Ventilation and Passive Leg Raising -- Development of Treatment Algorithms -- Standardization of Care by Defining Endpoints of Resuscitation -- Protocolized Cardiovascular Management Based on Ventricular-arterial Coupling -- Cost Effectiveness of Monitoring Techniques.