Front Cover -- Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere: Theory, Experiments, and Applications -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Authors -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1. Overview of the Chemistry of Polluted and Remote Atmospheres -- A. REGIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE -- B. AIR POLLUTION AND THE CHEMISTRY OF OUR TROPOSPHERE -- 1. Historical Perspectives: Ancient and Medieval Times -- 2. "London" Smog: Sulfur Dioxide, Acidic Aerosols, and Soot -- 3. "Los Angeles" Smog: Ozone and Photochemical Oxidants -- 4. Acid Deposition -- C. CHEMISTRY OF THE NATURAL TROPOSPHERE: REMOTE ATMOSPHERES -- D. CHEMISTRY OF THE STRATOSPHERE -- E. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE -- F. INDOOR AIR POLLUTION -- G. DISCUSSION TOPIC AND OZIPR MODEL -- 1. Discussion Topic: "Background Ozone" -- 2. OZIPR Model -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2. The Atmospheric System -- A. EMISSIONS -- 1. Oxides of Nitrogen -- 2. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) -- 3. Carbon Monoxide -- 4. Sulfur Compounds -- 5. Total Suspended Particles (TSP), PM10, and PM2.5 -- 6. Lead -- B. METEOROLOGY -- 1. Lapse Rate: Temperature and Altitude -- 2. Potential Temperature -- 3. Temperature Inversions -- C. REMOVAL FROM THE ATMOSPHERE: WET AND DRY DEPOSITION -- D. TYPICAL AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS AND AIR QUALITY STANDARDS -- 1. Units of Concentrations and Conversions -- 2. Criteria and Noncriteria Pollutants and Air Quality Standards -- E. EFFECTS ON VISIBILITY AND MATERIALS -- F. ECONOMICS -- G. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY: RISK ASSESSMENTS AND PUBLIC POLICIES FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL -- H. PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3. Spectroscopy and Photochemistry: Fundamentals -- A. BASIC PRINCIPLES -- 1. Molecular Energy Levels and Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy -- 2. Fates of Electronically Excited Molecules -- B. ABSORPTION OF LIGHT -- 1. Basic Relationships -- 2. The Beer - Lambert Law.

C. ATMOSPHERIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY -- 1. Solar Radiation and Its Transmission through the Atmosphere -- 2. Calculating Photolysis Rates in the Atmosphere -- 3. Procedure for Calculating Photolysis Rates -- 4. Example: Photolysis of Acetaldehyde at the Earth's Surface -- D. PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4. Photochemistry of Important Atmospheric Species -- A. MOLECULAR OXYGEN -- 1. Absorption Spectra -- 2. Photochemistry -- B. OZONE -- 1. Absorption Spectra -- 2. Photochemistry -- C. NITROGEN DIOXIDE -- 1. Absorption Spectra -- 2. Photochemistry -- D. NITRIC ACID -- E. NITROUS ACID -- F. PEROXYNITRIC ACID -- G. NITRATE RADICAL -- H. DINITROGEN PENTOXIDE -- I. NITROUS OXIDE -- J. ORGANIC NITRATES AND PEROXYACETYL NITRATE -- 1. Organic Nitrates -- 2. Peroxyacetyl Nitrate -- K. SULFUR DIOXIDE AND SULFUR TRIOXIDE -- 1. SO2 -- 2. SO3 -- L. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND ORGANIC HYDROPEROXIDES -- M. ALDEHYDES AND KETONES -- N. CHLORINE NITRATE (ClONO2) AND BROMINE NITRATE (BrONO2) -- O. HCl AND HBr -- P. THE HALOGENS -- Q. ClO, BrO, AND IO -- R. ClOOCl -- S. OClO -- T. HOCl, HOBr, AND HOI -- U. NITROSYL CHLORIDE (ClNO) AND NITRYL CHLORIDE (ClNO2) -- V. HALOGENATED METHANES AND ETHANES -- W. PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5. Kinetics and Atmospheric Chemistry -- A. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GAS-PHASE KINETICS -- 1. Definitions -- 2. Termolecular Reactions and Pressure Dependence of Rate Constants -- 3. Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants -- B. LABORATORY TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINING ABSOLUTE RATE CONSTANTS FOR GAS-PHASE REACTIONS -- 1. Kinetic Analysis -- 2. Fast-Flow Systems -- 3. Flash Photolysis Systems -- 4. Pulse Radiolysis -- 5. Cavity Ring Down Method -- 6. Static Techniques -- C. LABORATORY TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINING RELATIVE RATE CONSTANTS FOR GAS-PHASE REACTIONS -- D. REACTIONS IN SOLUTION.

1. Interactions of Gaseous Air Pollutants with Atmospheric Aqueous Solutions -- 2. Diffusion-Controlled Reactions of Uncharged Nonpolar Species in Solution -- 3. Reactions of Charged Species in Solution -- 4. Experimental Techniques Used for Studying Solution Reactions -- E. LABORATORY TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS -- 1. Analysis of Systems with Gas- and Liquid-Phase Diffusion, Mass Accommodation, and Reactions in the Liquid Phase or at the Interface -- 2. Knudsen Cells -- 3. Flow Tube Studies -- 4. Falling-Droplet Apparatus -- 5. Bubble Apparatus -- 6. Aerosol Chambers -- 7. Liquid Jet Apparatus -- 8. DRIFTS -- 9. Surface Science Techniques -- 10. Other Methods -- F. COMPILATIONS OF KINETIC DATA FOR ATMOSPHERIC REACTIONS -- G. PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6. Rates and Mechanisms of Gas-Phase Reactions in Irradiated Organic - NOx - Air Mixtures -- A. SOURCES OF OXIDANTS IN THE TROPOSPHERE: OH, O3, NO3, HO2, AND Cl -- 1. OH -- 2. O3 -- 3. NO3 -- 4. HO2 -- 5. Cl -- B. LIFETIMES OF TYPICAL ORGANICS IN THE TROPOSPHERE -- C. REACTIONS OF ALKANES -- 1. Hydroxyl Radical (OH) -- 2. Nitrate Radical (NO3) -- 3. Chlorine Atoms (Cl) -- D. REACTIONS OF ALKYL (R), ALKYLPEROXY (RO2), AND ALKOXY (RO) RADICALS IN AIR -- 1. Alkyl Radicals (R) -- 2. Alkylperoxy Radicals (RO2) -- 3. Alkoxy Radicals (RO) -- 4. Summary of R, RO2, and RO Radical Reactions in the Troposphere -- E. REACTIONS OF ALKENES (INCLUDING BIOGENICS) -- 1. Hydroxyl Radical (OH) -- 2. Ozone (O3) -- 3. Nitrate Radical (NO3) -- 4. Chlorine Atoms (Cl) -- 5. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) -- F. REACTIONS OF ALKYNES -- 1. Hydroxyl Radical (OH) -- G. REACTIONS OF SIMPLE AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS -- 1. Hydroxyl Radical (OH) -- 2. Nitrate Radical (NO3) -- 3. Chlorine Atoms (Cl) -- H. REACTIONS OF OXYGEN-CONTAINING ORGANICS -- 1. Reactions of OH, NO3, and Cl -- 2. Hydroperoxyl Radical (HO2).

I. REACTIONS OF NITROGENOUS ORGANICS -- 1. Peroxyacetyl Nitrate and Its Homologs -- 2. Alkyl Nitrates and Nitrites -- 3. Amines, Nitrosamines, and Hydrazines -- J. CHEMISTRY OF REMOTE REGIONS -- 1. Emissions of Biogenic Organics -- 2. Chemistry -- 3. Upper Troposphere -- 4. Arctic -- K. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND BIOMASS BURNING -- L. PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7. Chemistry of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds -- A. OXIDATION OF NO TO NO2 AND THE LEIGHTON RELATIONSHIP -- B. OXIDATION OF NO2 -- 1. Daytime Gas-Phase Reaction with OH -- 2. Nighttime Reactions to Form NO3 and N2O5 -- 3. Reactions of NO and NO2 with Water and Alcohols -- 4. Other Reactions of NO2 -- C. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY OF HONO -- 1. Formation of HONO -- 2. Atmospheric Fates of HONO -- D. REACTIONS OF NO3 AND N2O5 -- 1. Reactions of NO3 -- 2. Reactions of N2O5 -- E. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY OF HNO3 -- 1. Formation -- 2. Tropospheric Fates -- F. "MISSING" NOy -- G. AMMONIA (NH3) -- H. PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8. Acid Deposition: Formation and Fates of Inorganic and Organic Acids in the Troposphere -- A. CONTRIBUTION OF H2SO4, HNO3, HONO, AND ORGANIC ACIDS -- B. SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN RAIN, FOGS, AND CLOUDS: HENRY'S LAW AND AQUEOUS-PHASE EQUILIBRIA -- C. OXIDATION OF SO2 -- 1. Field Studies -- 2. Oxidation in the Gas Phase -- 3. Oxidation in the Aqueous Phase -- 4. Oxidation on Surfaces -- 5. Relative Importance of Various Oxidation Pathways for SO2 -- D. ORGANIC ACIDS -- E. OXIDATION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS OTHER THAN SO2 -- 1. Reactions of Dimethyl Sulfide (CH3SCH3) -- 2. Dimethyl Disulfide (CH3SSCH3) -- 3. Methyl Mercaptan (CH3SH) -- 4. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) -- 5. Carbon Disulfide (CS2) -- 6. Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) -- F. PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9. Particles in the Troposphere -- A. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES -- 1. Some Definitions -- 2. Size Distributions -- 3. Particle Motion.

4. Light Scattering and Absorption and Their Relationship to Visibility Reduction -- B. REACTIONS INVOLVED IN PARTICLE FORMATION AND GROWTH -- 1. Nucleation, Condensation, and Coagulation -- 2. Reactions of Gases at Particle Surfaces -- 3. Reactions in the Aqueous Phase -- 4. Relative Importance of Various Aerosol Growth Mechanisms -- C. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS -- 1. Inorganic Species -- 2. Organics -- D. GAS - PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION OF SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS -- 1. Adsorption on Solid Particles -- 2. Absorption into Liquids -- 3. Octanol - Air Partitioning Coefficients -- E. PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10. Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives: Atmospheric Chemistry and Toxicological Implications -- A. NOMENCLATURE AND SELECTED PHYSICAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS (PACs) -- 1. Combustion-Generated PAHs and PACs -- 2. Structures and IUPAC Rules for Nomenclature -- 3. Solubilities and Vapor Pressures -- 4. Gas - Particle Partitioning, Sampling Techniques, and Ambient Levels of Selected PAHs and PACs -- 5. Absorption and Emission Spectra of Selected PAHs and PACs -- B. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PAHs AND PACs. I: CARCINOGENICITY -- 1. Historical Perspective: Benzo[a]pyrene, the "Classic Chemical Carcinogen" -- 2. Carcinogenicity of PAHs, Cancer Potencies, and Potency Equivalence Factors -- 3. Carcinogenicity of Nitroarenes and Other Nitro-PACs -- C. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PAHs AND PACs. II: MUTAGENICITY -- 1. Short-Term Tests for Genetic and Related Effects -- 2. The Ames Salmonella typhimurium Reversion Assay -- 3. The Salmonella TM677 "Forward Mutation" Assay -- 4. Human Cell Mutagenicities of PAHs and PACs -- D. BACTERIAL AND HUMAN CELL MUTAGENICITIES OF POLLUTED AMBIENT AIR.

1. Bacterial Mutagenicity of Urban Air: A Worldwide Phenomenon.