Cover -- Contents -- WINNIE CHENG: Preface 11 -- Acknowledgements 13 -- I. Introduction: The Use of English for International Communication 15 -- 1. Communicating in a Globalized world 17 -- 1.1 The ten forces that flattened the world 17 -- 1.2 The World Wide Web 19 -- 1.3 The role of languages 21 -- 1.4 The need for a lingua franca 23 -- 1.4.1 The reasons behind the success of English 25 -- 1.4.2 Other perspectives 26 -- 1.5 The spread of English around the world 27 -- 2. Core concepts 32 -- 3. The chapters 33 -- Part One: Communicating in ELF -- II. EFL Learners or ELF Users? 39 -- 1. The rationale of the study 39 -- 1.1 Pragmatic features 41 -- 1.2 Lexico-grammatical features 43 -- 2. Analysis of the data 44 -- 2.1 The use of gambits and back-channels 44 -- 2.2 The use of laughter 51 -- 2.3 Mutual orientation 53 -- 2.4 Uncooperative interaction 54 -- 2.5 Misunderstandings 56 -- 2.6 Focus on lexico-grammatical features 58 -- 2.6.1 Use of articles 59 -- 2.6.2 Overuse of certain structures 60 -- 3. Conclusion 61 -- III. News Discourse and ELF Membership: The Case of The Hindustan Times 65 -- 1. The status of innovations in the nativization process 66 -- 1.1 External factors 67 -- 1.2 Internal factors 68 -- 2. The rationale of the study 69 -- 2.1 The spread of the English language in India 71 -- 2.2 The history of English in India 72 -- 2.2.1 The pre-Macaulay period (1600-1835) 72 -- 2.2.2 Macaulay's Minute and the pre-independence period (1835-1947) 73 -- 2.2.3 Post-independence period 74 -- 3. The analysis 75 -- 3.1 Local words with international currency 77 -- 3.2 Local words with national currency 78 -- 3.3 Common words used with new shadesof meaning 79 -- 3.4 Names of people and places 80 -- 3.5 Culture-induced expressions 80 -- 3.6 Code-mixing 82 -- 3.7 Code-switching 83 -- 4. Conclusion 84.

IV. News Discourse and ELF Membership: The Case of The Baltic Times 87 -- 1. The status of English in Europe 88 -- 2. The spread of the English language in Europe 90 -- 3. The rise and fall of Russian as a language for intranational and international communication 93 -- 4. Language policies in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 93 -- 5. The rationale of the study 94 -- 5.1 Materials 95 -- 5.2 Readership 96 -- 5.3 Editing policy 96 -- 6. The analysis 97 -- 6.1 Common words used with new shades of meaning 97 -- 6.2 Code-switching/Culture-induced expressions 99 -- 6.2.1 Estonia 99 -- 6.2.2 Latvia 100 -- 6.2.3 Lithuania 102 -- 6.3 Information packaging 103 -- 6.3.1 Noun groups: pre-modification 103 -- 6.3.2 Co-ordinated noun phrases 105 -- 7. Discussion of findings 105 -- 8. Conclusion 108 -- V. News Discourse and ELF Membership: The Case of The China Daily 109 -- 1. About China 110 -- 1.1 The status of English in Asia 111 -- 1.2 Languages in China 112 -- 1.3 The spread of the English language in China 112 -- 2. The rationale of the study 114 -- 3. The analysis 116 -- 3.1 Local words with international currency 116 -- 3.2 Common words with new shades of meaning 116 -- 3.3 Names of people and places 117 -- 3.4 Culture-induced expressions 117 -- 3.5 Code-switching: from smaller to larger units 121 -- 4. Conclusion 122 -- Part Two: Communicating in BELF -- VI. Communicating in Business Contexts 127 -- 1. International Business English 128 -- 2. Business English as a Lingua Franca (BELF) 130 -- 3. Comparing ELF and BELF 131 -- 4. Corporate Communication: an introduction 132 -- 5. Defining corporate communication 134 -- 6. Corporate identity 136 -- 7. Corporate communication and the World Wide Web 141 -- 7.1 Corporate websites 142 -- 7.2 Usability 144 -- 7.3 The final chapters 145 -- VII. Language Innovation and Corporate Identity 149 -- 1. Corporate identity 149.

2. The company language 150 -- 3. The rationale of the study 151 -- 4. The analysis 154 -- 4.1 Technical words with international currency 154 -- 4.2 Technical words with local currency 155 -- 4.3 Culture-induced expressions 156 -- 4.4 Code-mixing 157 -- 4.4.1 The name of the company: Tetra Pak 157 -- 4.4.2 The names of the products 158 -- 4.4.3 The names of the processing units 159 -- 5. Conclusion 160 -- VIII. The Language of Corporate Websites 163 -- 1. Corporate communication 164 -- 2. Computer-mediated communication 164 -- 3. The rationale of the study 166 -- 3.1 Emphasizing trustworthiness and expertise 168 -- 3.2 Dialogic register 170 -- 3.2.1 Direct appeals 170 -- 3.2.2 Exclamatory statements and rhetorical questions 170 -- 3.2.3 References to the communicative context 171 -- 3.2.4 Self-mentions and forms of engagement 172 -- 3.2.5 Peculiar features of websites 174 -- 3.2.5.1 Simplifications 174 -- 3.2.5.2 Localizations 175 -- 3.2.5.3 Explicitations 176 -- 4. Discussion of findings 176 -- 5. Conclusion 177 -- IX. Politeness Strategies and Cultural Differences in Email Communication 179 -- 1. The origins of emails 180 -- 1.1 The features of emails 180 -- 1.2 Emails and politeness 182 -- 2. The rationale of the study 183 -- 3. The analysis 189 -- 3.1 Salutations 190 -- 3.2 Referring to previous contact 192 -- 3.3 Closings 193 -- 3.4 Use of in-group language 194 -- 3.5 Requesting moves 194 -- 4. Discussion of findings 196 -- 5. The Italian employees' perceptions 198 -- 6. Conclusion 199 -- X. Internal Corporate Communication: The Use of Emails in an Internationally-Operating Company 201 -- 1. Different types of emails 202 -- 2. The rationale of the study 203 -- 3. The analysis of the data 204 -- 3.1 Noticeboard genre messages 204 -- 3.2 Dialogue genre messages 207 -- 3.2.1 Informative messages 207 -- 3.2.2 Requestive messages 208.

3.2.3 Directive messages 209 -- 4. Discussion of findings 211 -- 5. Conclusion 213 -- XI. Conclusions 215 -- References 225 -- Index 247.