Front Cover -- Diabetes: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Section I - Oxidative Stress and Diabetes -- Chapter 1 - Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Neuropathy -- INTRODUCTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY -- NATURAL HISTORY AND PROGNOSIS -- HYPERGLYCEMIA AS A CRUCIAL CAUSE OF DIABETIC NEUROPATHY -- OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DIABETIC NEUROPATHY -- OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANT TREATMENT IN DIABETIC NEUROPATHY -- THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF A NEW ANTIOXIDANT PROTEIN DELIVERY IN DIABETIC NEUROPATHY -- FROM EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF NEUROPATHY IN ANIMALS TO THE TREATMENT OF DIABETIC NEUROPATHY IN MAN -- CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY POINTS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 - Cerebral Ischemia in Diabetics and Oxidative Stress -- INTRODUCTION - DIABETES AND CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA -- PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES OF FREE RADICALS -- DIABETES AND FREE RADICALS -- CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA -- FREE RADICAL PRODUCTION DURING ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION -- NOS PATHWAY -- THE ROLE OF IRON -- MITOCHONDRIAL PRODUCTION OF FREE RADICALS -- REPERFUSION -- FREE RADICALS AND CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA-INDUCED CELL DEATH PATHWAYS -- OXIDATIVE STRESS IN DIABETIC CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA -- CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY POINTS -- References -- Chapter 3 - Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Oxidative Stress -- INTRODUCTION -- DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY -- HALLMARKS OF DM -- OXIDATIVE STRESS -- HYPERGLYCEMIA -- LIPOTOXICITY -- ROS AND RNS IN DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY -- SUPEROXIDE -- NITRIC OXIDE AND PEROXYNITRITE -- HYDROXYL RADICAL -- THE MODULATION OF CELL SIGNALING PATHWAYS -- CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY POINTS -- References -- Chapter 4 - Diabetic Retinopathy and Oxidative Stress -- HISTOPATHOLOGY OF DR -- OXIDATIVE STRESS MECHANISMS -- OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DR -- SUMMARY POINTS -- References -- Chapter 5 - Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Diabetes -- INTRODUCTION.

OXIDATIVE STRESS: ROS AND REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES (RNS) -- DIABETES -- DIABETES, INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS -- ROS PRODUCTION AND DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS -- ANTIOXIDANTS AND DIABETES -- DIETARY ANTIOXIDANTS -- ANTIOXIDANTS, MITOCHONDRIA AND DIABETES -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY POINTS -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6 - Iron, Oxidative Stress and Diabetes -- INTRODUCTION -- DISTRIBUTION OF IRON IN THE BODY -- IRON HOMEOSTASIS -- OXIDATIVE STRESS -- IRON AND OXIDATIVE STRESS -- OXIDATIVE STRESS IN DIABETES -- IRON AND DIABETES -- IRON OVERLOAD STATES -- IRON DEFICIENCY -- THE ROLE OF IRON IN DIABETES WITHOUT OVERT IRON OVERLOAD -- THE ROLE OF IRON IN COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY POINTS -- References -- Section II - Antioxidants and Diabetes -- Chapter 7 - α-Tocopherol Supplementation, Lipid Profile, and Insulin Sensitivity in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 -- INTRODUCTION -- VITAMIN E AND DIABETES -- A POSSIBLE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE EFFECTS OF Α-TOCOPHEROL IN DIABETES MELLITUS -- Α-TOCOPHEROL SUPPLEMENTATION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS -- IS VITAMIN E SUPPLEMENTATION RECOMMENDED FOR DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS? -- FINAL CONSIDERATIONS -- SUMMARY POINTS -- References -- Chapter 8 - Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on Antioxidant Enzymes in Diabetic Patients -- INTRODUCTION -- COMBINATIONS CONTAINING S. MILTIORRHIZA -- ACTIVE COMPONENTS IN S. MILTIORRHIZA -- SUMMARY POINTS -- References -- Chapter 9 - Antioxidant Spices and Herbs Used in Diabetes -- INTRODUCTION -- CULINARY HERBS -- SPICES -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY POINTS -- References -- Chapter 10 - Resveratrol and Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus -- INTRODUCTION -- THE ROLE OF RESVERATROL IN THE PREVENTION OF DIABETES MELLITUS -- THE ROLE OF RESVERATROL IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS -- SUMMARY POINTS -- References.

Chapter 11 - Vitamin D, Oxidative Stress and Diabetes: Is There A Link? -- INTRODUCTION -- VITAMIN D -- FACTORS AFFECTING VITAMIN D STATUS -- OXIDATIVE STRESS IN DIABETES: DEVELOPMENT AND COMPLICATIONS -- VITAMIN D AND DIABETES -- VITAMIN D AS AN ANTIOXIDANT -- ANTIOXIDANT EFFECT OF VITAMIN D IN DIABETES: DIRECT VS. INDIRECT EFFECT -- CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY POINTS -- References -- Chapter 12 - Glutamine and Antioxidant Potential in Diabetes -- INTRODUCTION TO GLUTAMINE -- IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF GLN -- GLN AND DIABETES -- GLN AND HYPERGLYCEMIA-INDUCED COMPLICATIONS -- MECHANISMS OF GLN IN ATTENUATING OXIDATIVE STRESS -- PROPOSED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OTHER THAN ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY POINTS -- References -- Chapter 13 - The Anti-Oxidative Component of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in the Brain in Diabetes -- INTRODUCTION: OXIDATIVE STRESS IN DIABETES -- DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID (DHA) -- DHA AND OXIDATIVE STRESS -- NEUROPROTECTIN D1 -- DHA AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE BRAIN -- References -- Chapter 14 - Diabetic Nephropathy and Tocotrienol -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOLOGICAL MARKERS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY -- TOCOTRIENOLS -- EXPERIMENTAL STUDY STATING THE USE OF TOCOTRIENOL IN DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY -- TOCOTRIENOL AND DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY: POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF ACTION -- EFFECT ON GLYCEMIC INDEX AND RENAL PHYSIOLOGY -- PREVENTION OF RENAL OXIDATIVE STRESS -- INHIBITORY EFFECT ON PROINFLAMMATORY AND PROFIBROTIC CYTOKINES -- EFFECT ON NF-ΚB SIGNALING AND RENAL APOPTOSIS -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Chapter 15 - Polyphenols, Oxidative Stress, and Vascular Damage in Diabetes -- INTRODUCTION -- OXIDATIVE STRESS, NITRIC OXIDE, AND ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION -- POLYPHENOLS AND ANTIOXIDANT MECHANISMS IN DIABETES -- POLYPHENOLS AND VASCULAR REGENERATION IN DIABETES -- CONCLUSIONS AND THE ROAD AHEAD -- SUMMARY POINTS.

References -- Chapter 16 - Vitamin E and Vascular Protection in Diabetes -- INTRODUCTION -- HAPTOGLOBIN -- HAPTOGLOBIN GENE AND PROTEIN STRUCTURE -- GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION -- HP ANTIOXIDANT FUNCTION -- DIFFERENT HP TYPES DIFFER IN THEIR ABILITY TO INHIBIT HB REDOX ACTIVITIES -- HP AND HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL) -- VITAMIN E -- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF VITAMIN E SUPPLEMENTATION FOR HP 2-2 DIABETIC INDIVIDUALS -- IN CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY POINTS -- Acknowledgments and Disclosure -- References -- Chapter 17 - The Use of Ginkgo biloba Extract in Cardiovascular Protection in Patients with Diabetes -- INTRODUCTION -- CHARACTERISTICS OF GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT -- EFFECTS OF GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT ON GLUCOSE METABOLISM -- PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY POINTS -- References -- Chapter 18 - The Protective Role of Taurine in Cardiac Oxidative Stress under Diabetic Conditions -- INTRODUCTION -- DIABETES-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS -- THE ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA IN ROS PRODUCTION -- ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (AGE) MEDIATED ROS PRODUCTION -- THE ROLE OF NADPH OXIDASE IN ROS PRODUCTION -- THE ROLE OF CAMKII IN ROS PRODUCTION -- THE ROLE OF FATTY ACIDS IN ROS PRODUCTION -- THE ROLE OF THE POLYOL PATHWAY IN ROS PRODUCTION -- THE ROLE OF NRF2 IN ROS PRODUCTION -- THE ROLE OF XANTHINE OXIDASE IN ROS PRODUCTION -- THE ROLE OF INCREASED HEXOSAMINE FLUX IN ROS PRODUCTION -- THE ROLE OF PKC ACTIVATION IN ROS PRODUCTION -- THE ROLE OF ANGIOTENSIN II ACTIVATION IN ROS PRODUCTION -- ENDOGENOUS ANTIOXIDANT MECHANISMS -- THE BENEFICIAL ROLE OF TAURINE -- MECHANISMS OF THE ANTI-HYPERGLYCEMIC ACTION OF TAURINE -- THE ANTIOXIDANT MECHANISM OF TAURINE AGAINST CARDIAC OXIDATIVE STRESS UNDER DIABETIC CONDITIONS -- SUMMARY POINTS -- References -- Chapter 19 - Statins, Diabetic Oxidative Stress and Vascular Tissue.

INTRODUCTION -- OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DIABETES -- STATINS: DISCOVERY AND MECHANISMS -- IMPACT OF STATINS ON OXIDATIVE STRESS -- DIABETIC MACROVASCULAR DISEASE: CLINICAL EVIDENCE -- DIABETIC MICROVASCULAR DISEASE: CLINICAL EVIDENCE -- SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- SUMMARY POINTS -- References -- Chapter 20 - Resveratrol and Cerebral Arterioles during Type 1 Diabetes -- INTRODUCTION -- OXIDATIVE STRESS AND IMPAIRED CEREBROVASCULAR FUNCTION IN T1D -- INFLUENCE OF RESVERATROL ON VASCULAR FUNCTION -- SUMMARY POINTS -- References -- Chapter 21 - Herbal Chrysanthemi Flos, Oxidative Damage and Protection against Diabetic Complications -- DIABETES -- CHRYSANTHEMI FLOS -- EFFECTS OF CF ON DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS -- EFFECT OF CF ON OTHER BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES -- CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CF AND THEIR ACTIVITIES -- TOXIC EFFECTS OF CF -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY POINTS -- References -- Chapter 22 - Antioxidant Supplements and Diabetic Retinopathy -- INTRODUCTION -- IN VITRO STUDIES -- ANIMAL STUDIES -- CLINICAL STUDIES -- FINAL COMMENTS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- SUMMARY POINTS -- References -- Chapter 23 - Lutein and Oxidative Stress-Mediated Retinal Neurodegeneration in Diabetes -- INTRODUCTION -- GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT LUTEIN -- CLINICAL DATA FOR LUTEIN -- RETINAL NEURODEGENERATION IN DIABETES -- ROS ACCUMULATION IN THE DIABETIC RETINA -- GENERAL INFLUENCES OF ROS IN PATHOGENESIS -- LUTEIN'S SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS ON ROS IN THE RETINA -- LUTEIN'S NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS IN THE DIABETIC RETINA -- SUMMARY POINTS -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 24 - Epidemiologic Evidence on Antioxidant-related Micronutrients and Diabetic Retinopathy -- INTRODUCTION -- ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ANTIOXIDANT-RELATED MICRONUTRIENTS AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY POINTS -- References.

Chapter 25 - Oxidative Stress and the Lung in Diabetes: The Use of Pomegranate Juice.