Foreword (J.Th. Möller) -- Introduction -- Chapter One The Nature and Characteristics of International Human Rights Treaty Law -- Introduction -- I. International Judicial Organs and the Nature of International Human Rights Treaty Obligations -- II. The Primacy of International Human Rights Law -- III. The Relationship between International Legal Obligations and Domestic Law: From Dualism, Monism, and Coordination, to Responsibility -- IV. The Nature of Treaty Obligations -- V. Obligations under the United Nations Charter -- VI. Mandatory Decisions of the United Nations Security Council -- VII. Treaties and International Customary Law -- VIII. Jus Cogens Rights and Rights That May Never Be Suspended or Abrogated -- IX. The Progressive Development of International Human Rights Treaty Law -- Conclusion -- Chapter Two The Requirement of a National Protection System -- Introduction -- I. The National Responsibility to Protect -- II. The Recommendations of Human Rights Treaty Bodies -- A. Implementation at the National Level (General Comment No. 3 (1981) of the Human Rights Committee) -- B. Developing a Comprehensive National Strategy (General Comment No. 5 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child) -- C. The Role of National Human Rights Institutions in the Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (General Comment No. 10 (1998) of the CESCOR) -- D. CERD General Recommendation XVII (1993) on the Establishment of National Institutions to Facilitate the Implementation of the Convention -- E. CEDAW General Recommendation 6 (1988) on Effective National Machinery and Publicity -- F. Other Treaty Bodies -- I. The Concept of a National Protection System -- Constitutional Dimension -- Legislative Dimension -- Judicial Dimension -- Institutional Dimension -- Monitoring Dimension -- II. The Prevention of Human Rights Violations.

A. Preventive Protection of the Right to Life -- B. Preventive Dimensions of the Right to an Effective Remedy -- C. Interim Measures of Protection -- D. Deportation and Extradition to Countries Where There Is Risk of Serious Violation of Human Rights: Preventive Protection -- III. Remedies for Human Rights Violations -- IV. The Role of the Courts and of Law Enforcement Agencies -- V. The Role of National Human Rights Institutions -- The Preventive Role of National Human Rights Institutions -- VI. The Role of Human Rights Education in a National Protection System -- VII. The Role of National Human Rights Plans of Actions in National Protection Systems -- Conclusion -- Chapter Three Democracy and the Rule of Law -- Introduction -- I. The European Court of Human Rights -- II. General Comment No. 25 of the Human Rights Committee (1996) -- III. General Comment No. 12 of the Human Rights Committee -- IV. Democracy and Human Rights -- V. The Content of Democracy -- VI. The Rule of Law -- A. Essential Requirements of a Society Under the Rule of Law -- B. The Legislature and the Rule of Law -- C. The Executive and the Rule of Law -- D. The Criminal Process and the Rule of Law -- E. The Judiciary and the Rule of Law -- F. The Legal Profession and the Rule of Law -- G. Economic and Social Development -- VII. The Role of the Courts and of Law Enforcement Agencies -- VIII. The European Court of Human Rights and the Rule of Law -- Principle of lawfulness -- Principle of legal certainty -- Principle of equality before the law -- C. Due process: Judicial Review, Access to Courts andRemedies, Fair Trial -- IX. Democracy and Freedom of Association in the Jurisprudence of ILO Supervisory Bodies -- X. The Jurisprudence and Practice of Other Treaty Bodies -- Conclusion -- Chapter Four Human Rights in Times of Crises or Emergencies -- Introduction.

I. The Core Provisions -- A. The European Convention -- B. The ICCPR -- C. The American Convention -- II. 1968 Resolution of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights -- III. General Comment No. 29 of the Human Rights Committee -- A. Essential Requirements -- B. The Meaning of a Public Emergency -- C. Proportionality -- D. Peremptory Norms -- E. Crimes Against Humanity -- F. Notification -- IV. The Prohibition of Torture -- V. Judicial Guarantees -- VI. Margin of Appreciation -- VII. The Legality of Nuclear Weapons -- Conclusion -- Chapter Five Preventive Strategies: Obligations to Prevent under International Human Rights Treaties and Jurisprudence -- Introduction -- I. General Recommendations of Treaty Bodies -- A. The Prevention of Torture -- B. Preventing Racial Discrimination in the Administration and Functioning of the Criminal Justice System -- C. Avoiding Discrimination Against Women in National Strategies for the Prevention of AIDS -- D. Preventing Deprivation of Liberty of Children and Treatment in Cases Thereof -- E. Preventive Protection of the Right to Life -- II. The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide -- III. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment -- IV. Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment -- V. European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment -- VI. Preventive Procedures of UN Human Rights Treaty Organs -- Conclusion -- Chapter Six The Duty to Respect, Protect and Ensure -- Introduction -- I. The Duty to Respect -- II. The Duty to Protect -- The Responsibility to Protect -- Preventive, Curative and Remedial or Compensatory Protection -- Shades of Protection: Direct and Indirect -- III. The Duty to Ensure.

IV. Violations of the Obligations to Respect, to Protect and to Fulfil -- Conclusion -- Chapter Seven The Duty to Provide Redress -- Introduction -- I. The Jurisprudence and Practice of Treaty Bodies -- A. Inter-American Court of Human Rights -- B. Human Rights Committee -- C. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights -- D. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) -- E. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) -- II. The UN Basic Principles and Guidelines -- A. Obligation to Respect, Ensure Respect for and Implement International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law -- B. Scope of the Obligation -- C. Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law that Constitute Crimes under International Law -- D. Statutes of Limitations -- E. Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law And Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law -- F. Treatment of Victims -- G. Victims' Right to Remedies -- H. Access to Justice -- I. Reparation for Harm Suff ered -- J. Access to Relevant Information Concerning Violationsand Reparation Mechanisms -- K. Non-Discrimination -- Transitional justice -- Conclusion -- Chapter Eight The Essence of Supervision in Reporting Systems -- Introduction -- I. The Objectives of Reporting Systems -- II. Cooperation of States Parties -- III. General Comments of Treaty Bodies -- A. The Range of General Comments -- B. The Purpose of General Comments -- C. The Spirit of Implementation -- D. Domestic Application -- Conclusion -- Chapter Nine The Essence of Petitions and Fact-finding Procedures -- Introduction -- I. The Essence of Petitions Procedures -- A. The Concept of International Protection -- B. General Comment 33 of the Human Rights Committee -- C. Equality of Arms.

D. The Duty to Cooperate in the Examination of Petitions -- II. The Essence of Fact-Finding Procedures -- A. UN Human Rights Special Procedures -- B. ILO Inquiry Bodies -- C. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights -- D. The Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Torture -- E. The European Committee for the Prevention of Torture -- Conclusion -- Chapter Ten Universality, Equality and Justice -- Introduction -- I. Universality -- II. Equality -- A. General Comment 18/37 of the Human Rights Committee (Equality and Non-Discrimination) -- B. General Comment 4/13 of the Human Rights Committee (Gender Equality) -- C. General Comment No. 16 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights -- III. Justice -- A. Striving for Just Societies Grounded in Human Rights Norms -- B. Equitable Balances between the State and the Individual -- C. The Living Law -- D. Just Satisfaction -- Conclusion -- Conclusion -- Appendix I General Comment No. 31 of the Human Rights Committee -- Appendix II General Comment No. 33 of the Human Rights Committee -- Appendix III The Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights -- Appendix IV The Siracusa Principles -- Appendix V The Council of Europe and the Rule of Law -- Bibliography -- Index.