Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Linguistic Diversity and Bilingual Education -- Introduction -- Multilingualism -- Language-Nation Typologies -- Societal Bilingualism -- Language Diversity in the United States -- Language Maintenance and Language Shift -- Linguistic Assimilation -- International Dimensions of Bilingual Education -- Bilingual Education Goals -- Bilingual Education and Global Perspectives -- Summary -- Suggested Readings -- 2. Types of Bilingual Education Programs -- Introduction -- Bilingual Education and National Language Goals -- Bilingual Education Models -- Bilingual Instructional Models -- Compensatory Versus Enrichment Bilingual Programs -- Bilingual Education and English as a Second Language (ESL) Program Designs -- Second Language Immersion Instructional Models -- Summary -- Suggested Reading -- 3. Assessment of Bilingual Proficiency -- Introduction -- Conceptions of Bilingual Proficiency -- Language Dominance -- Areas of Language Assessment -- Tests of Language Skills -- Linguistic Competence Tests -- Communicative Competence Perspectives -- Measures of Communicative Competence -- Communicative Competence Tests -- Summary -- Suggested Readings -- 4. Development of Bilingual Proficiency -- Introduction -- Language Learning in Interethnic Contexts -- Individual Bilingualism and Learning Contexts -- Simultaneous Bilingual Acquisition -- Sequential Bilingual Acquisition -- Childhood Bilingualism and Code Switching -- Bilingualism Through Schooling -- Summary -- Suggested Readings -- 5. Development of Oral Proficiency in English as a Second Language -- Introduction -- Models of Second Language Learning -- Learning ESL in Bilingual Schools -- Types of English Language Proficiency -- Bilingual Program Models and Oral English Skills -- Individual Differences and Oral English Skills -- Summary -- Suggested Readings.

6. Development of Literacy Skills in ESL -- Introduction -- Concepts of Literacy -- Literacy and Bilingual Schooling -- Bilingual Reading Approaches -- Reading Processes in the Second Language -- Differences in Writing Abilities -- Bilingualism and the Writing Process -- Summary -- Suggested Readings -- 7. Attitudes Toward Language and Cultural Groups -- Introduction -- Language Attitudes and Classroom Language -- Language Attitudes of Teachers -- Language Attitudes and the Learner -- Language Attitudes and Ethnolinguistic Groups -- Language Attitudes, Cultural Stereotypes, and Bilingual Schooling -- Teachers' Attitudes Toward Language Varieties -- Summary -- Suggested Readings -- 8. Teaching the First and Second Languages -- Introduction -- Developments in Language Teaching -- English as a Second Language (ESL) Instruction -- Primary Language Instruction -- Effective Teaching Strategies -- Teacher-Centered Language Learning Activities -- Student-Centered Language Learning Activities -- Teacher Characteristics and Language Teaching -- Summary -- Suggested Readings -- 9. Discourse Processes in Bilingual Classrooms -- Introduction -- Language in the Classroom -- Instructional Approaches and Linguistic Demands -- Language in Bilingual Classrooms -- Teacher-Directed Lessons -- Code Switching in the Classroom -- Effects of Group Structures -- Effective Instructional Features -- Summary -- Suggested Readings -- 10. Immersion Education Approaches -- Introduction -- Immersion Education and Additive Bilingualism -- Canadian Immersion Programs -- Culver City Spanish Immersion Project -- Plattsburgh French Immersion Program -- Summary -- Suggested Readings -- 11. Cognitive and Academic Aspects of Bilingualism -- Introduction -- Pre-1960 Studies on Bilingualism -- Cognitive Differences between Monolinguals and Bilinguals.

Levels of Bilingualism and Cognitive Performance -- Summary -- Suggested Readings -- 12. Bilingual Education and Language Policy -- Introduction -- Research in Bilingual Education -- Subtractive and Additive Forms of Bilingualism -- Bilingual Schooling and Legislation -- Bilingual Education and a National Language Policy -- Bilingual Schooling and Educational Principles -- Summary -- Suggested Readings -- Appendixes -- Appendix A. The Language of the Spanish/English Bilingual -- Appendix B. 1981 State Bilingual Education Legislation -- Appendix C: New York State Aid for Limited English Proficient Pupils -- Appendix D: Immersion and Partial Immersion Language Programs in U.S. Elementary Schools, January 1981 -- Appendix E. Highlights of Bilingual Programs -- Appendix F. Students' Opinions of Bilingual Education -- Appendix G. Guidelines for the Preparation and Certification of Teachers of Bilingual-Bicultural Education -- References -- Indexes -- Subject Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- I -- L -- M -- N -- P -- R -- S -- T -- W -- Author Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.