Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Phytotherapies-Past, Present, and Future -- 1.1 Overview of Phytotherapy -- 1.1.1 Definition -- 1.1.2 International Trend in the Usage of Complementary Medicines -- 1.2 Preclinical Research on Phytotherapies -- 1.2.1 Pharmacognosy and Quality Standardization of Phytotherapies -- 1.2.2 Pharmacological Studies and Identification of Bioactive Compounds -- 1.2.3 Application of Proteomics and Metabolomics in Phytotherapy Research -- 1.3 Clinical Research on Phytotherapies -- 1.3.1 Efficacy of Popular Phytotherapies -- 1.3.2 Chinese Herbal Medicines -- 1.3.3 Food Nutrition and Translational Research -- 1.4 Safety of Phytotherapies -- 1.5 Profile of Research in Complementary Medicine -- 1.5.1 International Profile -- 1.5.2 Australian Profile of Research in Complementary Medicines -- 1.6 Summary and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 2 Quality Control and Quality Assurance of Phytomedicines: Key Considerations, Methods, and Analytical Challenges -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Key Considerations in QC/QA of Phytomedicines -- 2.2.1 Identification and Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP) -- 2.2.2 Contamination -- 2.2.3 Substitution -- 2.2.4 Adulteration -- 2.2.5 Contents and Standardization -- 2.2.6 Stability -- 2.2.7 Processing -- 2.3 Methods for QC/QA of Phytomedicines -- 2.3.1 Macroscopic Evaluation -- 2.3.2 Microscopic Evaluation -- 2.3.3 Physicochemical Analysis -- 2.3.4 Chemical Fingerprinting -- 2.3.5 DNA Fingerprinting -- 2.3.6 "Omics" Technology -- 2.4 Challenges -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Preclinical (In Vivo) and Laboratory (In Vitro) Evidence of Phytomedicine Efficacy -- 3.1 Introduction to Development of Drugs from Nature -- 3.2 Use of In Vitro and In Vivo Models in Herb Drug Research: Learning Thus Far.

3.2.1 In Vitro Assays -- 3.2.2 In Vivo Assays -- 3.3 Cardiovascular-and Stroke-Related Diseases: In Vitro and In Vivo Focus -- 3.3.1 Cardiovascular Diseases -- 3.3.2 Stroke -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Clinical Efficacy Trials with Natural Products and Herbal Medicines -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Trials in Various Disease States -- 4.2.1 Profile: RCT of Natural Product in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) -- 4.2.2 Asthma -- 4.2.3 Cancer -- 4.2.4 Cardiovascular Disease -- 4.2.5 Diabetes -- 4.2.6 Dermatology -- 4.2.7 Gastroenterology -- 4.2.8 Viral Infections -- 4.3 Natural Product: Green Tea -- 4.3.1 Green Tea Catechin, Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) -- 4.4 EGCG Clinical Trials -- 4.4.1 Polyphenon E -- 4.4.2 Safety, Toxicity, and Pharmacokinetics -- 4.4.3 Metabolism -- 4.4.4 Clinical Studies -- 4.4.5 Cancer Studies -- 4.5 Human Clinical Study: EGCG and HIV-1 Infection -- 4.5.1 Translational Medicine: EGCG: Bench-to-Bedside -- 4.5.2 Phase I Clinical Trial: Polyphenon E in HIV-1 Infection -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Novel Formulations and Drug Delivery Systems for Phytotherapies -- 5.1 Limitations of Conventional Formulations for Herbal Medicines -- 5.1.1 Barriers in Physicochemical and Biological Properties -- 5.1.2 Challenges in Quality and Safety Assurance -- 5.1.3 Conventional Formulations Limit the Therapeutic Efficacy of Herbal Medicines -- 5.2 Crucial Issues of Developing Novel Delivery Systems -- 5.2.1 How Novel Delivery Systems Follow the Tradition? -- 5.2.2 Pharmacokinetic Research on Delivery Systems for Herbal Medicines -- 5.2.3 Safety Considerations on Delivery Systems for Herbal Medicines -- 5.3 Novel Delivery Systems of Herbal Medicines -- 5.3.1 Pulmonary Delivery of Herbal Medicines -- 5.3.2 Nanocarriers of Herbal Medicines for Drug/Gene Delivery -- 5.3.3 Surface Modification of Nanocarriers by Herbal Medicines.

5.3.4 Herbal Medicines as Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6 Phytotherapies Used by Indigenous Populations -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Phytotherapies of Indigenous Australians -- 6.2.1 Introduction -- 6.2.2 Philosophy and Knowledge Transmission -- 6.2.3 Ailments Treated with Medicinal Plants -- 6.2.4 How Plant Medicines Have Been Used -- 6.2.5 Methods of Plant Preparation -- 6.2.6 Prized and Commonly Used Plants in Australian Indigenous Medicine -- 6.3 Challenges of a Changing Environment -- 6.3.1 Safety of Australian Phytotherapies -- 6.3.2 Development and Regulation of Australian Indigenous Medicines -- 6.3.3 Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine in Indigenous Populations -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Phytotherapies from Traditional Chinese Medicine -- 7.1 Traditional Chinese Medicine -- 7.2 Key Concepts in Traditional Chinese Medicine -- 7.3 Herbal Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine -- 7.4 Issues in the Development of Phytotherapy from Traditional Chinese Medicine -- 7.5 Phytotherapies Developed from Traditional Chinese Medicine -- 7.6 Huang Qin Tang and the Development of PHY906 -- 7.7 Ginseng -- 7.8 Moving Forward -- References -- Chapter 8 Integrating Traditional Greco-Arab and Islamic Diet and Herbal Medicines in Research and Clinical Practice -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Food Therapy in Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine -- 8.2.1 Honey -- 8.2.2 Olive Oil -- 8.2.3 Dates -- 8.2.4 Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) -- 8.2.5 Fig (Ficus carica) -- 8.2.6 Pomegranate (Punica granatum) -- 8.2.7 Garlic (Allium sativum) and Onion (Allium cepa) -- 8.2.8 Edible Wild Plants -- 8.3 Medicinal Plants -- 8.3.1 Black Seed (Nigella sativa) -- 8.3.2 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) -- 8.3.3 Sage (Salvia officinalis) -- 8.3.4 Khella (Ammi visnaga) -- 8.3.5 Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum).

8.3.6 Marjoram (Origanum majorana) -- 8.3.7 Garlic (Allium sativum) and Onion (Allium cepa) -- 8.3.8 Tayun (Inula viscose) -- 8.3.9 Rocket (Eruca sativa) -- 8.3.10 Nettle (Urtica dioica) -- 8.3.11 Peppermint (Mentha piperita) -- 8.3.12 Chamomile (Chamomilla recutita) -- 8.3.13 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) -- 8.3.14 Anise (Pimpinella anisum) -- 8.3.15 Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) -- 8.3.16 Devil's Dung (Ferula asafetida) -- 8.3.17 Ginger (Zingiber officinale) -- References -- Chapter 9 Evolution of Herbal Medicines in Europe and Its Relationship with Modern Medicine -- 9.1 Background -- 9.2 Historical Perspective -- 9.3 European Herbal Medicine: Relationship with Modern Medicine -- 9.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10 Chemical Classification and Chemistry of Phytotherapeutics Constituents -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Phytochemicals -- 10.2.1 Alkaloids -- 10.2.2 Flavonoids -- 10.2.3 Glycosides and Saponins -- 10.2.4 Phytosterols -- 10.2.5 Fatty Acids -- 10.2.6 Essential Oils -- 10.2.7 Terpenes -- 10.3 Other Phytochemicals -- 10.4 Medicinal Effects Relating to Dietary Intake -- 10.4.1 Anti-oxidants -- 10.4.2 Omega-3 Long Chain Fatty Acids and Derivatives -- 10.5 Natural Products as Leads for Drug Development -- 10.5.1 Catechol Moiety of Piceatannol: Implication and Significance -- 10.5.2 SAR Studies for Drug Development -- 10.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11 Therapeutic Potential of Ginsenosides in Management of Atherosclerosis -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Chemical Diversity of Ginsenosides and Distribution -- 11.3 Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects of Ginsenosides -- 11.4 Underlying Mechanisms of Ginsenosides Against Atherosclerosis -- 11.4.1 Regulation of Blood Lipid Profile -- 11.4.2 Anti-oxidant Activity -- 11.4.3 Anti-vascular Inflammation -- 11.4.4 Effect on Vascular Cells -- 11.4.5 Anti-platelet Effects.

11.4.6 Anti-angiogenesis Effects -- 11.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Phytotherapy Pharmacophores for Major Cellular Drug Targets -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 What is a Pharmacophore? -- 12.3 Pharmacophore Models of Cardiovascular Drugs -- 12.4 Pharmacophore Models for Anticancer Drugs -- 12.5 Pharmacophore Models for Anti-Inflammatory Drugs -- 12.6 Pharmacophore Models for Anti-Infective Drugs -- 12.7 Pharmacophore Models for Neurological Drugs -- 12.8 Pharmacophore Models for Miscellaneous Drugs -- 12.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13 Use of Kava as a Phytotherapeutic Agent and Kava-Related Hepatotoxicity -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Active Components in Kava -- 13.3 Therapeutic Applications of Kava -- 13.4 Pharmacology of Kava -- 13.4.1 Anti-psychotic Effects of Kava -- 13.4.2 Anti-cancer Effects of Kava -- 13.5 Side Effects of Kava -- 13.6 Hepatotoxicity of Kava -- 13.6.1 Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Activities -- 13.6.2 Reduction of Liver Glutathione -- 13.6.3 Induction of Hepatic Inflammatory Responses -- 13.6.4 Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase Enzyme Activity -- 13.6.5 Inhibition of Hepatic Transporters -- 13.6.6 Damage of Hepatic Mitochondria -- 13.7 Summary and Future Challenges -- References -- Chapter 14 Phytotherapies as New Drug Sources: Gossypol and Curcumin -- 14.1 Botanical Sources of Gossypol and Curcumin -- 14.2 Stereoisomerism, Tautomerism, and Reactivity -- 14.2.1 Stereoisomerism -- 14.2.2 Tautomerism -- 14.2.3 Reactivity -- 14.3 Biological Activity of Gossypol and its Analogues -- 14.3.1 Antifertility -- 14.3.2 Anticancer -- 14.3.3 Antiviral -- 14.3.4 Antimalarial -- 14.3.5 Other Biological Activity -- 14.4 Biological Activity of Curcumin and its Analogues -- 14.4.1 Introduction -- 14.4.2 Anticancer -- 14.4.3 Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant.

14.4.4 Curcumin in Neurodegenerative Diseases.