COALBED NATURAL GAS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT -- COALBED NATURAL GAS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- DEDICATION -- ABSTRACT -- Chapter 1 COALBED NATURAL GAS (CBNG): INTRODUCTION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 COALBED NATURAL GAS ENERGY IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE ORIGIN OF COAL BED NATURAL GAS -- CBNG RECOVERY PROCESS -- CBNG ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 COALBED NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN WYOMING -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- HISTORICAL EVIDENCE FOR COALBED NATURAL GAS OCCURRENCES -- EXPLORATION TARGETS -- DEVELOPMENT -- RESOURCES AND RESERVES -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 MATURE COALBED NATURAL GAS RESERVOIRS AND OPERATIONS IN THE BLACK WARRIOR BASIN OF ALABAMA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- RESERVOIR GEOLOGY -- Stratigraphy and Coal Characteristics -- Geologic Structure -- Hydrogeology -- GAS AND WATER PRODUCTION -- Resources and Reserves -- Drilling, Completion, and Performance -- Water Management -- ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 INNOVATIVE APPROACHES FOR TRACING WATER CO-PRODUCED WITH COALBED NATURAL GAS: APPLICATIONS OF STRONTIUM AND CARBON ISOTOPES OF PRODUCED WATER IN THE POWDER RIVER BASIN, WYOMING AND MONTANA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CARBON AND STRONTIUM ISOTOPIC TRACERS IN NATURAL WATERS -- Carbon Isotopic Composition of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in Natural Waters -- Strontium Isotopic Composition in Natural Waters -- ANALYTICAL METHODS -- DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS -- Strontium Isotopic Analysis -- SR. AND C ISOTOPIC TRACING OF COALBED NATURAL GAS PRODUCED WATER: CASE STUDIES FROM THE POWDER RIVER BASIN, WYOMING AND MONTANA -- Coalbed Natural Gas Production in the Powder River Basin.

Geochemical Evolution of Coalbed Natural Gas Produced Water in the Powder River Basin -- Case Study 1: Identification of Hydraulically Isolated Coal Seams in the Eastern Powder River Basin, Wyoming -- Case Study 2: Identification of Coalbed Natural Gas Produced Water Reaching the Powder River in Wyoming -- Calculation of Proportion of Produced Water in the Powder River Using Sr Isotopic Data -- Carbon Isotopic Identification of a Produced Water Component in the Powder River -- Case Study 3: Isotopic Identification of Produced Water Infiltration Into Shallow Aquifers -- Case Study 4: Isotopic Identification of Beneficial use of Produced Water for Agriculture in the Powder River Basin -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 SAFETY OF PRODUCED WATER FOR LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ARSENIC -- BARIUM -- FLUORIDE -- MOLYBDENUM -- NITRATE AND NITRITE -- PH -- SELENIUM -- SODIUM -- SULFUR -- TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) -- LITERATURE CITED -- Chapter 7 COALBED NATURAL GAS PRODUCT WATER: GEOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS FROM OUTFALLS TO DISPOSAL PONDS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND -- SALINITY AND SODICITY -- TRACE ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY -- TRACE ELEMENTS IN CBNG POND SEDIMENTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 MONITORING GEOCHEMISTRY OF CBNG PRODUCED WATER OUTFALLS, DISPOSAL PONDS, AND SEDIMENTS IN POWDER RIVER BASIN, WYOMING -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- Study Area Description -- Site Selection -- Sample Collection and Analysis -- Water Sampling -- Water Chemistry Analysis -- Geochemical Modeling -- Sediment Sampling -- Toxicity Analysis -- Quality Control/Quality Assurance -- Statistical Analysis -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- Geochemistry of CBNG Outfalls and Disposal Ponds -- Changes in Ph, SAR, and Trace Elements Concentrations over Time in CBNG Disposal Ponds.

Possible Leaching of Trace Elements from the CBNG Disposal Pond Sediments -- Potential Beneficial Uses of CBNG Disposal Pond Water in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming -- Irrigation -- Wildlife and Livestock Watering -- Aquatic Life -- Overview of Beneficial Uses -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- DISCLAIMER -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 GEOCHEMISTRY OF ARSENIC IN COALBED NATURAL GAS PRODUCED WATER -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SITE DESCRIPTION (PRB) -- CBNG Reserves -- CBNG Produced Water -- Arsenic in CBNG -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- Geochemical Modeling (Visual Minteq) -- Statistical Analysis -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- Adsorption and Desorption of Arsenic by Metal Oxides -- Aluminum Oxide -- Iron Oxides -- Other Competing Ions for Iron Oxide Adsorption Sites -- Effect of pH -- Factor Analysis -- Precipitation and Dissolution of Arsenic (Visual MINTEQ) -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR COALBED NATURAL GAS DEVELOPMENT IN COLORADO -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SOILS -- VEGETATION -- WATER RESOURCES -- USE OF COPRODUCED CBNG WATERS FOR IRRIGATION -- Salinity -- Infiltration/Permeability Problems -- Nutritional Imbalance/Toxicity -- AIR RESOURCES -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF COALBED NATURAL GAS DEVELOPMENT ON FISH AND AQUATIC RESOURCES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- WATER QUALITY ISSUES -- Case Study: Power River Basin, Wyoming -- WATER QUANTITY ISSUES -- Case Study: Powder River, Wyoming -- OTHER POTENTIAL ISSUES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12 INVERTEBRATE ASSEMBLAGES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS OF COALBED NATURAL GAS PONDS IN NORTHEASTERN WYOMING -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- STUDY AREA -- METHODS -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES.

Chapter 13 ION EXCHANGE AND MEMBRANE TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR PRODUCED WATERS FROM OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PRODUCED WATER CHEMISTRY AND COMPOSITION -- CURRENT DISPOSAL AND REUSE PRACTICES FOR PRODUCED WATER -- TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS AND CHALLENGES -- ION EXCHANGE (IX) -- Process Overview -- Design Concepts for Ion Exchange -- Finished Water Quality -- Residuals Generation and Disposal -- PRESSURE-DRIVEN MEMBRANE PROCESSES -- Osmosis -- Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis -- Process Overview -- Design Concepts for High-Pressure Membrane Systems -- Membrane Materials -- Membrane Element Configurations -- Membrane Performance -- Feed Water Quality -- Pretreatment -- Membrane Cleaning -- Residuals Management -- Surface Water Discharge -- Land Application -- Deep Well Injection -- Evaporation Ponds -- Brine Crystallization or Zero Liquid Discharge -- Energy Management and Recovery -- Product Water Quality -- Emerging Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes -- NON-PRESSURE DRIVEN MEMBRANE PROCESSES -- Electrodialysis (ED) -- Process Overview -- Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR) -- Process Overview -- Emerging Non-Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14 UTILIZATION OF COALBED NATURAL GAS WATER: ISSUES, IMPLICATIONS, AND MANAGEMENT -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DISCUSSION -- Environmental Assessment -- Powder River Basin -- CBNG Water in the PRB -- Site/Soil Considerations -- Vegetation Considerations -- Soil and Water Treatments -- Soil Amendments -- Water Amendments -- Integrated Water Treatment Process -- Managing CBNG Development and Water Use -- Site/Soil Considerations -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS AND POLICIES FOR COALBED NATURAL GAS PRODUCED WATER IN WYOMING -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- WYOMING WATER QUALITY/QUANTITY STANDARDS.

CURRENT STRUCTURE OF THE PROPOSED AGRICULTURE PROTECTION RULE -- End of Pipe -- Watershed Permitting Approach -- OTHER STATES (NEW MEXICO, COLORADO, MONTANA) -- Concerns Driving Product Water Disposal in Montana, Colorado and New Mexico -- CBNG Wells to Date -- ISSUES, IMPACTS AND IMPLICATIONS IN WYOMING -- MANAGED VERSUS UNMANAGED SYSTEMS -- LEGAL ISSUES -- EXTENSION ACTIVITIES IN REGION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16 LEGAL AND REGULATORY IMPLICATIONS FOR COALBED NATURAL GAS PRODUCED WATER IN WYOMING -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- REGULATORY HISTORY -- Litigation over Wyoming BLM NEPA Analysis for Leasing CBNG Development -- The "Go Blue Letter" -- Wyoming's Decision to Designate CBNG Production a "Beneficial Use" of Water -- EXISTING REGULATORY STRUCTURE -- Wyoming State Engineer's Office (Seo) -- Wyoming Department o Environmental Quality (DEQ) -- Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (WOGCC) -- Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD) -- Bureau of Land Management (BLM) -- REGULATORY ISSUES -- CBNG Water and Beneficial Use -- Public Interest Review Requirement -- Groundwater Protection -- CBNG Water as by-Product Water -- Consideration of Best Available Technologies -- LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS (FEDERAL) -- National Environmental Policy Act (Nepa) Litigation -- Clean Water Act (CWA) Litigation -- LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS (STATE OF WYOMING) -- Private Litigation---Nuisance and Trespass -- Split Estate and Eminent Domain Laws -- INTERSTATE ISSUES WITH CBNG WATER -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 17 COALBED NATURAL GAS ACTIVITY IN WESTERN CANADA: THE EMERGENCE OF MAJOR UNCONVENTIONAL GAS INDUSTRY IN AN ESTABLISHED CONVENTIONAL PROVINCE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DRILLING ACTIVITY PRIOR TO 2000 -- Mannville Coal -- Scollard Coal -- Foothills/Mountains Coals (Alberta and British Columbia) -- DRILLING ACTIVITY AFTER 2000.

Mannville Coal Zone.