Front Cover -- Statistics in Medicine -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword to the Third Edition -- Foreword to the Second Edition -- Foreword to the First Edition -- Acknowledgments -- Databases -- Indicators of Prostate Biopsy Results -- Background -- Data -- Effectiveness of a Drug in Reducing Nausea after Gall Bladder Removal -- Background -- Data -- Effect of Azithromycin on Serum Theophylline Levels of Patients with Emphysema -- Background -- Data -- Effect of Protease Inhibitors on Pulmonary Admissions -- Background -- Data -- Effect of Silicone Implants on Plasma Silicon -- Background -- Data -- Laser Removal of Tattoos as Related to Type of Ink Used -- Background -- Data -- Relation of Bone Density to Incidence of Femoral Neck Stress Fractures -- Background -- Data -- Comparing Two Types of Assays on the Effect of Glycosaminoglycans on the Bladder Surface -- Background -- Data -- Prediction of Growth Factors by Platelet Counts -- Background -- Data -- Tests of Recovery after Surgery on Hamstrings or Quadriceps -- Background -- Data -- Survival of Malarial Rats Treated with Hemoglobin, Red Blood Cells, or Placebo -- Background -- Data -- Identification of Risk Factors for Death Following Carinal Resection -- Background -- Data -- Quality Test on Warfarin International Normalized Ratio Values -- Background -- Data -- Exhaled Nitric Oxide as an Indicator of Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction -- Background -- Data -- Comparison of Kidney Cooling Methods Used to Prolong Surgical Time Window -- Background -- Data -- How to Use This Book -- 1 Goals -- Purpose of the Book -- The Most Used Statistical Methods and Concepts Are Included -- Using a Few Data Sets Repeatedly Allows the User to Focus on the Method -- 2 Use as a Textbook Versus as a Reference -- 3 Possible Schedules for Courses -- Short Course -- A Three-Credit Semester Course.

A Year Course (Six Semester Credits) -- 1 Planning Studies: From Design to Publication -- 1.1 Organizing a Study -- 1.2 Stages of Scientific Knowledge -- Stages -- The Causative Process is of Interest, Not the Data -- Phase I-IV Studies -- 1.3 Science Underlying Clinical Decision Making -- The Scientific Method -- Jargon in Science -- Evidence -- Evidence versus Proof -- Evidence-Based Medicine -- 1.4 Why Do We Need Statistics? -- Primary Objective -- Population versus Sample -- Objective Restated -- What Statistics Will Not Do for Us -- What Statistics Will Do for Us -- 1.5 Concepts in Study Design -- Components of a Study -- Control Groups and Placebos -- Variables -- Moving from Sample to Population -- Representativeness and Bias -- Experimental Design Can Reduce Bias -- 1.6 Study Types -- Registry -- Case-Control Study -- Cohort Study -- Case-Control Contrasted with Cohort Studies -- Randomized Controlled Trial -- Paired and Crossover Designs -- 1.7 Convergence with Sample Size -- 1.8 Sampling Schemes -- Purpose of Sampling Schemes -- Simple Random Sampling -- Systematic Sampling -- Caution -- Stratified Sampling -- Cluster Sampling -- 1.9 Sampling Bias -- A Pictorial Example of Bias -- Increasing Representativeness by Random Samples -- Sources of Bias -- 1.10 How to Randomize a Sample -- Random versus Haphazard Assignment -- Random Number Generators -- Mechanical Generators -- Electronic Generators -- Tables of Random Numbers -- Assigning Patients to Groups -- Randomly Generated Sets That Are Flawed -- 1.11 How to Plan and Conduct a Study -- Professional Guides -- 1.12 Mechanisms to Improve your Study Plan -- Tricks of the Trade -- Work Backward Through the Logical Process -- Analyze Dummy Data -- Play the Role of Devil's Advocate -- 1.13 Reading Medical Articles -- Two Primary Goals -- Ways to Improve Efficiency in Reading Medical Articles.

1.14 Where Articles May Fall Short -- Confusing Statistical versus Clinical Significance -- Violating Assumptions Underlying Statistical Methods -- Generalizing from Poorly Behaved Data -- Failure to Define Data Formats, Symbols, or Statistical Terms -- Using Multiple Related Tests that Accumulate the p-Value -- Choosing Inappropriate Statistical Tests -- 1.15 Writing Medical Articles -- Format -- Level of Composition -- Selecting Content -- 1.16 Statistical Ethics in Medical Studies -- Ethics in the Conduct of Medical Studies Is a Broad Topic -- Patient Protection Requirements -- Patient Identifiers in Data Sheets -- Statistical Control Parameters and Sample Sizes Are at Issue -- Examples of Ethical Considerations in Specifying Sample Size Test Parameters -- Relationship among the Statistical Parameters -- Implications of a and β -- Effect on Patients from the Xerostomia Study -- Effect on Patients from the Breast Cancer Study -- The Choice of α and β Should Involve Clinical Implications to the Patient -- Effect of Test Sidedness on the Patient -- Choosing Sidedness -- Selection of the Clinical Difference δ -- Effect of the Clinical Difference δ on the Patient -- Conclusion -- Appendix to Chapter 1 -- Glossary of Statistical Terms Used in Chapters 1 and 2 -- 2 Planning Analysis: What Do I Do with My Data? -- 2.1 What is in this Chapter -- 2.2 Notation (or Symbols) -- Purpose of Symbols -- Categories of Symbols -- Formulas -- Becoming Familiar with Symbols -- A First Formula -- Indicator Symbols -- Symbols for Ranks -- 2.3 Quantification and Accuracy -- Statistics and Quantification -- Quantifying Data -- Accuracy versus Precision -- How Much Precision? -- 2.4 Data Types -- Types of Data -- Distinguishing between Types -- Rounding -- Ratings -- String (or Alphabetic) Data -- 2.5 Multivariable Concepts -- Univariate versus Multivariate Measures.

Multiple, Multivariate, and Multivariable -- 2.6 How to Manage Data -- Make a Plan -- Raw Data -- Data in Format for Analysis -- Data Quality -- Missing Data -- Keeping Records -- Software for Data Management -- Software for Statistical Analysis -- Choosing Software -- Specialty Software -- 2.7 A First Step Guide to Descriptive Statistics -- Statistical Terms -- Accessing Computer Help -- Choosing Descriptors -- 2.8 Setting Up a Test Within a Study -- Testing as a Stage of Scientific Knowledge -- 2.9 Choosing the Right Test -- What Do You Want Your Data to Tell You? -- First Step Guides -- What to Expect from these Guides -- 2.10 A First Step Guide to Tests of Rates or Averages -- The Table Format -- Examples Follow the Table -- Information Required to Choose a Test -- An Example from Prostate Cancer -- Limitations of Table -- Large Sample Tests -- 2.11 A First Step Guide to Tests of Variability -- A Test of a Variance Against an Established Variance -- A Test of Two or More Variances -- 2.12 A First Step Guide to Tests of Distributions -- Tests of a Distribution versus an Established Form -- A Test of the Equality of Two Distributions -- Appendix to Chapter 2 -- Examples for Table 2.2, by Position (Row Number, Column Number) in the Table -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (1,1) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (1,2) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (1,3) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (1,4) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (2,1) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (2,2) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (2,3) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (2,4) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (3,1) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (3,2) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (3,3) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (3,4) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (4,1) FROM TABLE 2.2.

EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (4,2) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (4,3) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (4,4) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (5,1) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (5,2) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (5,3) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (5,4) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (6,1) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (6,2) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (6,3) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (6,4) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (7,1) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (7,2) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (7,3) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (7,4) FROM TABLE 2.2 -- 3 Probability and Relative Frequency -- 3.1 Probability Concepts -- Probability Defined -- Probability Can Vary from 0 to 1 -- The Additive Rule of Probability -- The Multiplicative Rule of Probability -- Bayes' Rule -- Combinations -- 3.2 Probability and Relative Frequency -- A Graph of Probability -- Relative Frequencies Estimate Probabilities -- Relative Frequency in Medicine -- The Accuracy of Estimation Increases as the Sample Size Grows Larger -- 3.3 Graphing Relative Frequency -- 3.4 Continuous Random Variables -- 3.5 Frequency Distributions for Continuous Variables -- Start with a Tally -- Frequencies Expressed as a Bar Chart -- Relative Frequencies in Continuous Distributions -- Effect of Increasing Sample Size -- Choosing Intervals -- 3.6 Probability Estimates from Continuous Distributions -- The Relationship -- Estimated Probability and the Term "Parameter" -- 3.7 Probability as Area under the Curve -- Concept -- The Graphical Relationship of Relative Frequency and Probability -- 4 Distributions -- 4.1 Characteristics of a Distribution -- 4.2 Greek Versus Roman Letters -- 4.3 What is Typical -- Averages -- Convergence with Increasing Sample Size.

4.4 The Spread about the Typical.