Behavioral Measures of Neurotoxicity -- Copyright -- SYMPOSIUM CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- Contents -- INTRODUCTION -- IDENTIFICATION OF BEHAVIORAL TOXIC AGENTS -- MECHANISMS AND SITES OF ACTION -- THE MEASUREMENT OF BEHAVIOR -- THE LIFE SPAN: WHEN TO MEASURE? -- APPROACHES TO RESEARCH -- REGIONAL REQUIREMENTS -- COMMUNICATION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- ARE NEUROTOXINS DRIVING US CRAZY? PLANETARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE CAUSES OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF OLD AGE -- CLINICAL FEATURES OF WESTERN PACIFIC ALS/P-D -- WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF WESTERN PACIFIC ALS/P-D? -- CYCADS: POISONOUS PLANTS USED FOR MEDICINE AND FOOD -- FROM LATHYRISM TO CYCADISM -- LINKING CYCADS TO ALS IN IRIAN JAYA AND JAPAN -- TIMING OF CYCAD EXPOSURE -- RELEVANCE FOR VETERANS OF THE PACIFIC WAR -- TOXIC COMPONENTS OF CYCADS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- PART I ASSESSMENT OF NEUROBEHAVIORAL TESTS NOW IN USE -- Methods in Behavioral Toxicology: Current Test Batteries and Need for Development -- TEST BATTERIES NOW IN USE -- Epidemiological and Field Studies -- BEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY IN CLINICAL PRACTICE -- BASES OF TEST SELECTION -- THE NEUROBEHAVIORAL CORE TEST BATTERY -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS: SOME CRUCIAL ISSUES -- Neuropsychological Description/Definition of Neurotoxic Syndrome(s) -- Natural History of the Neurotoxic Effects -- Dilemma Between Conservative and Progressive Approaches -- Further Questions of Test Selection -- Simple or Complex Tasks? -- Reliability of Tests and Stability of Functions -- Changes in Personality, Mood, and Affect -- Other Areas for Method Development -- SUMMARY -- References -- The Current Status of Test Development in Neurobehavioral Toxicology -- RESEARCH DESIGN AND TEST SELECTION -- REASONS FOR TEST SELECTION -- RECENT APPROACHES TO TEST BATTERY DESIGN -- Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery -- The Computerized Battery Approach.

Model or Theory-Based Tests and Test Batteries -- INFLUENCE ON TESTING SELECTION OF DIFFERENT OBJECTIVES FOR TESTING -- EXPECTED DIRECTIONS IN TEST DEVELOPMENT -- REMAINING BARRIERS TO TEST DEVELOPMENT -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT -- References -- Human Neurobehavioral Toxicology Testing -- RATIONALES FOR DEVELOPING TEST BATTERIES -- Finland's Institute of Occupational Health Approach -- Problem-Based Approach -- Approach Recommended by the World Health Organization -- Neurobehavioral Evaluation System Approach -- TARGET ORGAN EFFECTS -- Neurotoxic Chemicals -- Exposure Populations -- Behaviors Affected by Many Chemicals -- NIOSH Recommendations -- Recommendations of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists -- POTENTIAL OF TEST BATTERIES TO ASSESS TARGET ORGAN HEALTH EFFECTS -- DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS UNDER WAY -- NOTES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND DISCLAIMER -- References -- Neurobehavioral Tests: Problems, Potential, and Prospects -- TESTS CURRENTLY IN USE -- SOME SPECIFIC POINTS -- Methods in Behavioral Toxicology (Hanninen) -- Current Status of Test Development (Williamson) -- Human Neurobehavioral Tests (Anger) -- THE ADEQUACY OF CURRENT TESTS -- SOME NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN COMPUTER-BASED ASSESSMENT -- Cognitive Componential Models -- Inferential Systems -- IMPLICATIONS FOR NEUROBEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT -- References -- PART II ASSESSMENT OF ANIMAL MODELS: WHAT HAS WORKED AND WHAT IS NEEDED -- Exposure to Neurotoxins Throughout the Life Span: Animal Models for Linking Neurochemical Effects to Behavioral Consequences -- NEUROCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING DEVELOPMENT AND AGING -- THE CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM IN BEHAVIOR -- EFFECTS OF PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO DFP: FROM BIRTH TO WEANING -- EFFECTS OF EARLY POSTNATAL EXPOSURE TO DFP -- EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO DFP: SENESCENT RATS -- Genetic (Strain-Specific) Differences in Effects.

Subchronic Intoxication During Senescence -- Time-Course Recovery of mAChRs Following Down-Regulation in Brain of Senescent Rats -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Animal Models of Dementia: Their Relevance to Neurobehavioral Toxicology Testing -- ANIMAL MODELS OF DEMENTIA -- ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES -- PHARMACOLOGICAL CHALLENGES -- MEASURING BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS: SPECIFIC PARADIGMS -- Inhibitory (Passive) Avoidance -- Active Avoidance Tasks -- Operant Conditioning -- Maze Learning -- Other Measures -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Bridging Experimental Animal and Human Behavioral Toxicology Studies -- THE SCOPE AND AGENDA OF BEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY -- STATE OF DEVELOPMENT -- BARRIERS TO ADVANCEMENT -- ACCELERATING THE PACE -- References -- Methods and Issues in Evaluating the Neurotoxic Effects of Organic Solvents -- ACUTE SOLVENT EFFECTS -- APPLICATION OF ANIMAL BEHAVIORAL METHODS -- Acute Effects of Single Exposures -- Acute Effects in the Context of Chronic Exposures -- Reinforcing Properties of Organic Solvents -- CHRONIC SOLVENT EFFECTS ON THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM -- The Role of Animal Studies -- Neurobehavioral Methods for Screening Sensory and Motor Effects -- Problems in the Interpretation of Human Studies -- Animal Models of Cognitive Effects -- REFERENCES -- Animal Models: What Has Worked and What Is Needed -- References -- PART III CHEMICAL TIME BOMBS: ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES -- On the Identification and Measurement of Chemical Time Bombs: A Behavior Development Perspective -- METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- APPROACHES TO DETECTING BEHAVIORALLY TOXIC SUBSTANCES -- A POTENTIAL TIME BOMB? -- NEW METHODS FOR MEASURING BEHAVIORAL TOXICITY -- ADDITIONAL APPROACHES AND NEW DIRECTIONS -- Multiple Behaviors Can Be Studied -- Comparative Developmental Studies Can Be Undertaken.

Knowledge Concerning Neurocircuitry and Neurochemistry of the Response Is Accumulating -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- References -- Neurobehavioral Time Bombs: Their Nature and Their Mechanisms -- Relations Between Behavior and Chemical Environment -- CHOLINESTERASE IN PROGRESSIVE DEGENERATIVE DEMENTIAS -- Preclinical Studies of Acetylcholinesterase and Behavior -- Acetylcholinesterase in Behavioral Disorders -- THE TRUTH ABOUT A FALSE TRANSMITTER -- NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS AND BEHAVIOR -- Neurotrophic Factors -- Neurotrophic Factors and Their Environments -- Roles During Neuronal Development and Beyond -- Recovery from Morphological Lesions -- Brain Transplants -- Nerve Growth Factor, Brain Implants, and Behavior -- Behavioral Recovery from Brain Lesions -- CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FUTURE -- NOTE -- References -- Neurobehavioral Toxicity of Selected Environmental Chemicals: Clinical and Subclinical Aspects -- CLINICAL VERSUS SUBCLINICAL NEUROTOXICITY -- NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF SELECTED INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS -- Effects in the Developing Nervous System -- Lead -- Mercury -- Polychlorinated Biphenyls -- EFFECTS IN THE ADULT NERVOUS SYSTEM -- Aluminum -- Organic Solvents -- CONCLUSION -- Lack of Consistency -- Lack of Developmental Perspective -- Uncertain Health Significance -- References -- The Health Effects of Environmental Lead Exposure: Closing Pandora's Box -- HISTORY OF THE PRESENT PERSPECTIVE ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY OF LEAD -- OVERVIEW OF MODERN STUDIES -- Prospective Studies -- Reproductive Effects -- Early Behavioral Effects of Perinatal Lead Exposure -- Retrospective Studies on Correlation of Lead Body Burden and Behavior in Grade School Children -- Later Behavioral Concomitants of Increased Lead Burden -- Effects of Lead on Other Neuropsychological Endpoints -- Other Health Effects of Environmental Lead Exposure -- CRITICAL ISSUES.

Markers of Lead Exposure -- Statistical Interpretation -- Adequacy of Behavioral Methodology -- Does Lead Contribute to Aging? -- Overview of Cost to Society -- Have Regulatory Agencies Been Slow to Act? -- CLOSING PANDORA'S BOX -- References -- Chemical Time Bombs: Environmental Causes of Neurodegenerative Diseases -- ESTABLISHING CRITERIA FOR CHEMICAL NEUROTOXICITY -- CLASSIFYING CHEMICALLY INDUCED HUMAN NEUROTOXIC DISORDERS -- THE MATURE NERVOUS SYSTEM AS CHEMICAL TARGET -- DEVELOPING NERVOUS SYSTEM AS CHEMICAL TARGET -- Scientific Basis for Neurobehavioral Toxicity Testing -- CONCLUSION -- Reference -- PART IV BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS OF NEUROTOXICITY: REGIONAL ISSUES -- Neurobehavioral Toxicity Testing in China -- INTRODUCTION -- OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES -- Carbon Disulfide -- Lead -- Simulated Video Display Terminal (VDT) Operation -- Static Magnetic Fields (SMF) -- NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION -- Mood States -- Performance Tests -- EXPECTED DIRECTIONS: BARRIERS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Developments in the Near Future -- Developing and Validating Test Methods -- Generating New Measuring Instruments -- Building a Computerized Evaluation System -- Limitations and Barriers -- Variation of Test Sensitivity from Study to Study -- Bias of Learning Effect -- Controlling Confounding Factors -- Interpreting Results Obtained from Neurobehavioral Tests -- Comments and Recommendations -- Training and Education -- Exploring the Possibility of Combining Quantitative Biochemical Markers and Neurobehavioral Testing -- Development, Validation, and Characterization of Methods -- SUMMARY -- Status of Research and Development of Neurobehavioral Toxicity Tests in China -- Expected Directions in the Development of Behavioral Tests of Neurotoxicity -- Problems and Recommendations -- References.

Regional Issues in the Development of the Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery.