BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING -- BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- A REVIEW OF BIODIESELAS RENEWABLE ENERGY -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Benefits of Biodiesel: Economics -- 1.2. Benefits of Biodiesel: Politics -- 1.3. Benefits of Biodiesel: Environment -- 1.4. Challenges with Biodiesel -- 2. Biodiesel Production -- 2.1. Biodiesel Reaction Chemistry -- 2.2. Rate Law -- 2.2. Reaction Temperature -- 2.3. Improving Miscibility -- 2.4. Alcohol Reagent -- 2.5. Catalyst -- Acid Catalysis -- Base Catalysis -- Heterogeneous Base Catalysts -- Solid Super Base -- Solid Catalyst -- Enzymes -- 3. Selection of Feedstock -- 3.1. Fatty Acid Content -- 3.2. Viscosity -- 3.3. Flash Point -- 3.4. Cold Flow Properties: Cloud Point and Pour Point -- 3.5. Chain Length and Degree of Saturation -- 3.6. Cetane Number -- 3.7. Energy Content -- 4. Manufacturing Art -- Post-Reaction Processing -- Biodiesel Quality Control -- 5. Economic Evaluation -- 5.1. Economic Variables -- 5.2. Raw Material Price -- 5.3. Glycerol (Glycerine) Content -- 5.4. Energy Requirements -- 5.5. Capital Costs -- 5.6. Selling Cost -- 6. Environmental Protection -- 7. Conclusion -- Reference -- ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF ACYL ASCORBATE -- Abstract -- Introduction -- 1. Optimal Conditions for Enzymatic Synthesis -- 2. Continuous Production of Acyl Ascorbate Using -- 3. Solubility of Acyl Ascorbate in Water and Oil -- 4. Stability of Acyl Ascorbate in an Aqueous Solution and Air -- 5. Emulsifier Property of Acyl Ascorbate -- 6. Antioxidative Ability of Acyl Ascorbate -- 7. Application of Acyl Ascorbate for Microencapsulationof a Lipid -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- APPLICATION OF A NATURAL BIOPOLYMER -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biosynthesis and Physico-chemical Properties of γ-PGA -- 2.1. Biosynthesis -- 2.2. Physico-chemical Properties.

2.3. Structural Characteristics -- 3. γ-PGA as a Bioflocculant -- 3.1. Assay of Flocculation Activity and Flocculation Rate -- 3.2. Effect of γ-PGA Concentration and Molecular Weight -- 3.3. Effect of Added Metal Cations and pH -- 3.4. Effect of Temperature -- 3.5. Effect of Various Inorganic and Organic Suspensions -- 3.6. Effect of Crosslinking Poly(γ-glutamic Acid) -- 3.7. Mechanism of Flocculation -- 4. γ-PGA as an Adsorbent of Cationic Dyes -- 4.1. Adsorption Kinetics -- 4.1.1. Boyd's Ion Exchange Model -- 4.1.2. Mass Transport Mechanism -- 4.2. Adsorption Isotherms -- 4.3. Effect of Temperature -- 4.4. γ-PGA Dose-activity Relationship -- 4.5. Effect of pH -- 4.6. Effect of Electrolytes -- 4.7. Recovery of Adsorbed Dyes -- 4.8. Infra-Red (IR) Spectra of Untreated and Dye-treated γ-PGA -- 5. γ-PGA as an Adsorbent of Chemical Mutagens -- 5.1. Binding of Mutagenic Heterocyclic Amines at Gastrointestinal pH -- 5.2. Suppressive Effect on SOS Response of Salmonella typhimurium Inducedby Chemical Mutagens -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- MOLECULAR IMPRINTED POLYMERSIN BIOMACROMOLECULES RECOGNITION -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Molecular Imprinting in Aqueous Media -- 3. Surface Imprinting -- 4. Epitope Approach: A Small Structural Element forthe Whole Molecule Recognition -- 5. Mechanism of the Molecular Imprinting and Recognition -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- UNCOUPLED ENERGY METABOLISM FOR SLUDGE -- Abstract -- Introduction -- 2. Strategies for Minimizing Biomass Production -- 2.1. Lysis-cryptic Growth -- 2.2. Bacteriovoric Metabolism -- 2.3. Maintenance Metabolism -- 2.4. Uncoupled Energy Metabolism -- 3. Uncoupled Energy Metabolism -- 3.1. Mechanism of Energy Coupling.

According to this hypothesis, electron transport is coupled to ATP synthesis by asequence of consecutive reactions and free energy is converted to the assumednonphosphorylated high energy intermediate and is used finally for binding ADP andinorganic phosphate [54]. However, this hypothesis has been argued for decades because theproposed nonphosphorylated high energy intermediate has never been identified. On the other -- 2. The Conformational Coupling Hypothesis -- 3. The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis -- 3.2. Mechanism of Uncoupling of Oxidative Phosphorylation -- 1. The Presence of Excess Carbon Source and Limited Nutrients -- 2. At Unfavorable Temperatures -- 3. The Presence of Inhibitory Compounds -- 3.3. Application of Uncoupling of Oxidative Phosphorylation -- 3.4. Modeling of Uncoupled Energy Metabolism -- 3.5. Molecular Analyses -- References -- MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY IN THE FISHERYINDUSTRY - A STATE OF THE ART -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamentals of Pressure-Driven Membrane Process -- 3. Application of Pressure- Driven Membrane Processin the Fishery Industry -- 3.1. Microfiltration -- 3.2. Ultrafiltration -- 3.3. Reverse Osmosis -- 3.4. Nanofiltration -- 4. Summary -- References -- AMYLASE PRODUCTION BY ASPERGILLUS ORYZAEIN SUBMERGED AND SOLID STATE FERMENTATIONS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Microorganism -- Inoculum Preparation -- Submerged Fermentations -- Assay of Amylase Activity -- Effect of Temperature and pH on Amylase Activity -- Solid State Fermentation (SSF) -- Optimization of Process Parameters in SSF -- Extraction of the Enzyme -- Results and Discussion -- Amylases Production in Food Wastes Supplemented with Starch -- Effect of pH and Temperature on the Stability of Enzymes -- Optimization of TAA Production in Solid State Fermentation (SSF) -- Conclusions -- References.

MAMMALIAN CELL ENCLOSING CAPSULESAND FIBER PRODUCTION IN A CO-FLOWINGAMBIENT LIQUID STREAM -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Droplets Production via Jetting Process -- Cell Encapsulation in Microcapsules -- Agarose Microcapsules -- Alginate-agarose Composite and Agarose-Gelatin Conjugate Microcapsules -- Enzymatically-crosslinked Alginate Microcapsules -- Cell Encapsulation in Ca-alginate Gel Fibers -- Conclusion -- References -- EFFECT OF SHEAR STRESS ON WASTEWATERTREATMENT SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Impact Stress -- Hydraulic Stress Generated by Gas -- Hydraulic Stress Generated by Liquid -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- THE ROLE OF BIOFILM AND FLOC STRUCTURE -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Monod Kinetics -- Fick's Laws of Diffusion -- The Role of Floc Structure in Activated Sludge Modelling -- The Role of Biofilm Structure in Biofilm Modelling -- Problems and Current Trends in Activated Sludge and BiofilmModelling -- Conclusions -- References -- INTERACTION OF CR (VI) WITH GREENMICROALGAE GROWTH: A COMPARATIVE STUDY -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Modelling -- 3. Materials and Methods -- 3.1. Microalgae -- 3.2. Growth Medium -- 3.3. Cr(VI) Solutions -- 3.4. Analytical Techniques -- 3.5. Experimental Procedures -- 4. Results and Discussion -- 4.1. Experiments under the Same Initial pH Value (T = 24.6 oC, pH = 6.5) -- 4.2. Experiments with Different Initial pH Values (T = 20.8 oC, pH = 6.5 andpH = 7.9) -- 4.2.1. Effect of pH -- 4.2.2. Temperature Influence -- 4.3. Effect of Cr(VI) on Growth Kinetics -- 4.4. Effect of Cr(VI) on Metabolites Production -- 4.5. Effect of Cr(VI) on Biomass Settling -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF GLUCOSE ADDITIONON NITRIFICATION AND ACTIVATED SLUDGESETTLEMENT IN SEQUENCING BATCH REACTORS -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction.

2. Materials and Methods -- 2.1. Nitrification Enrichment -- 2.2. Analytical Methods -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Short-term Dynamics of Various Nitrogen Forms in the Two SBRs -- 3.2. Typical Cycle Study in the Two SBRs -- 3.3. Short-term Dynamics of Biomass Concentration in the Two SBRs -- 3.4. Morphology and Extracellular polymeric Substances of ActivatedSludge Flocs -- 4. Discussion -- 4.1. Effect of the Glucose Addition on the Activity of Nitrification -- 4.1.1. Effect of Carbon Substrates -- 4.1.2. Effect of Microbial Distribution -- 4.1.3. Effect of SRT -- 4.2. Nitrite Accumulation Analysis -- 4.3. Effect of Glucose Addition on the Settlement of Activated Sludge Flocs -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- ACACIA CAVEN (MOL.) MOLINA POLLENPROTEASES. APPLICATION TO THE PEPTIDESYNTHESIS AND TO LAUNDRY DETERGENTS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Plant Material -- Elution of the Enzyme from the Pollen Wall -- Chemical Reagents -- Proteolytic Activity Assays -- Effect of ph and Temperature on Proteolytic Activity -- Thermostability of Acacia Caven Crude Extract -- Effect of Surfactants on the Proteolytic Activity of Acacia Caven CrudeExtract -- Effect of Commercial Detergent on the Proteolityc Activity of Acacia CavenCrude Extract -- Enzymatic Synthesis Reaction Conditions -- Analytical Control of Enzymatic Synthesis -- RP-HPLC -- HPLC-MS -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- DEACTIVATION AND REJUVENATIONOF PHOSPHORUS ACCUMULATING ORGANISMSIN THE PARALLEL AN/AO PROCESS -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1. The Parallel AN/AO Process -- 2.2. Anaerobic-anoxic SBR Reactors -- 2.3. Wastewater and Analysis -- 3. Results and Discussions -- 3.1. PAO Deactivation -- 3.1.1. PAO Deactivation in Parallel AN/AO Reactors -- 3.1.2. PAO Deactivation in SBR Reactors.

3.2. PAO Rejuvenation.