The Enlightenment and beyond -- Georg Hegel: foundations of modern social thought -- Auguste Comte: the origins of modern European sociology -- Herbert Spencer: survival of the fittest -- Harriet Martineau: feminist sociologist -- Karl Marx: capitalism and human exploitation -- Emile Durkheim: the eclipse of community -- Max Weber: reason and bureaucracy -- Sigmund Freud: the unconscious civilization -- Friedrich Nietzsche: the will to power -- Georg Simmel: sociologist as outsider -- W.E.B. Du Bois: double consciousness and race -- Antonio Gramsci: critique of hegemonic capitalism --The Frankfurt School: Horkheimer and Adorno -- Herbert Marcuse: eros and liberation -- Walter Benjamin: art and modernity -- Norbert Elias: the civilizing process -- Simone de Beauvoir: otherness -- Hannah Arendt: banality of reason -- Claude Levi-Strauss: structural anthropology -- Frantz Fanon: race and postcolonialism -- Structuralism and beyond: Derrida, Lacan, and Foucault -- Talcott Parsons: the systems society -- Erving Goffman: the drama of the self -- Feminist social theory: Chodorow, Butler, and hooks -- Postmodernism: Baudrillard, Haraway, and Bauman -- Jürgen Habermas: communicative action -- Pierre Bourdieu: Habitus -- Anthony Giddens: structuration theory.