CONTENTS -- Preface -- Programme -- List of Participants -- Computing with Quanta M. Nakahara -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Quantum Physics -- 2.1. Axioms of quantum mechanics -- 2.2. Multipartite system -- 2.3. Mixed states and density matrices -- 2.4. Negativity -- 2.5. Partial trace and purification -- 2.6. von Neumann entropy -- 2.6.1. Shannon entropy -- 2.6.2. von Neumann entropy -- 2.7. Nonclassical correlation other than entanglement -- 3. Qubits -- 3.1. One qubit -- 3.2. Bloch sphere -- 3.3. Multi-qubit systems -- 4. Quantum Gates, Quantum Circuit and Quantum Computation -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Quantum gates -- 4.2.1. Simple quantum gates -- 4.2.2. Walsh-Hadamard Transformation -- 4.3. n-qubit gates -- 4.4. Universality -- 4.5. Quantum parallelism and entanglement -- 5. Deutsch Algorithm -- 6. Decoherence -- 6.1. Open quantum system -- 6.1.1. Quantum operations and Kraus operators -- 6.1.2. Operator-sum representation and noisy quantum channel -- 6.1.3. Completely positive maps -- 6.2. Examples -- 6.2.1. Bit-flip channel -- 6.2.2. Phase-flip channel -- 6.3. Quantum error correcting codes -- 7. DiVincenzo Criteria -- 7.1. DiVincenzo criteria -- 7.2. Physical realizations -- 8. Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Implementation of a Selective Two-Qubit Gate Operation in a Neutral Atom Quantum Computer E. H. Lapasar, K. Kasamatsu, Y. Kondo, M. Nakahara and T. Ohmi -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Analysis of the Two-qubit Gate Operation -- 3. Execution Time and Fidelity -- 4. Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Magnetic Resonance as an Experimental Device for Quantum Computing Research M. Chiba and Y. Kondo -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Low-field NMR for quantum computing -- 3. NMR under Earth's field -- 3.1. Experimental procedure of NMR under Earth's field -- 3.2. Signal intensity of low-field NMR.

3.2.1. Polarization of the proton spin system -- 3.2.2. Magnetization of the proton spin system -- 3.2.3. FID signal intensity -- 3.3. Estimation of signal intensity of Earth's field NMR -- 3.4. Estimation of signal to noise ratio -- 3.5. Passage effect by turning off the poralization field -- 4. Experimental result of Earth's field NMR -- 4.1. FID signal and Fourier spectrum -- 4.2. Homogeneity of the magnetic field -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Introduction to Surface Code Quantum Computation Y. Wan -- 1. Overview -- 2. Surface Code Quantum Computation -- References -- Quantum Computing and Number Theory Y. Sasaki -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Modular Arithmetic -- 3. Period -- 4. Miller's Algorithm -- 4.1. Miller's Algorithm -- 4.2. Example -- 5. Shor's Period Finding Algorithm -- 5.1. Period Finding Algorithm -- 5.2. Remarks -- 1.5.2.1. The orthogonal property of exponential sum -- 5.2.2. The probability that two numbers are coprime -- 6. Prime Number Theory -- 6.1. Prime Number Theorem -- 6.1.1. A brief sketch of the proof -- 6.1.2. Remarks -- 6.1.3. Unnecessary observation -- 6.2. The Riemann Zeta-Function -- 6.2.1. Special values of ζ(s) at positive integers -- 6.2.2. The infinite product expansion of (s) -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Linear Preservers in Nonclassical Correlation Theories: An Introduction A. SaiToh, R. Rahimi and M. Nakahara -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Preserver Class EnCE -- 3. Example -- 4. Summary -- References -- Identification of the Hamiltonian of a 3-Particle Ising Model with Local Transverse Fields M. A. Fasihi, S. Tanaka, M. Nakahara and Y. Kondo -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Setup -- 3. Analysis -- 3.1. h1 = 0 case -- 3.2. Finite h1 case -- 3.3.

How to Evaluate the Area Surrounded by Segments on a Unit Sphere? Y. Kondo -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Spherical Trigonometry -- 3. Quaternion -- 4. Parallel Transport and Geometric Phase -- 5. Area of Spherical Triangle -- 6. Pauli Matrices, Quantum State, and Quaternion -- 7. Quantum Mechanical Phases -- 8. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Microscopic Properties of Quantum Annealing-Application to Fully Frustrated Ising Systems S. Tanaka -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Computation Method -- 3. Quantum Fluctuation Effect of Frustrated Ising Systems -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Implementation of Unitary Quantum Error Correction H. Tomita -- 1. Classical Error Correction (CEC) -- 2. Quantum Error Correction (QEC) -- 2.1. Quantum bit-flip error -- 2.2. Phase-flip error -- 2.3. The method of stabilizer -- 2.4. Collective error -- 3. Summary -- References -- Spin Crossover Properties of Iron(II) Complexes with a N4O2 Donor Set by Extended π-Conjugated Schiff-base Ligands T. Kuroda -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Section -- 2.1. Preparation of [Fe(qnal-21)2]CH2Cl2, (1) [7] -- 2.2. Preparation of [Fe(qnal-12)2]2C6H6 (2) -- 2.3. Preparation of powder sample of [Fe(Hqsalc)2] (3) -- 2.4. X-ray crystal structure determination -- 2.5. Magnetic susceptibility measurements -- 3. Results and discussion -- 3.1. Crystal structure of [Fe(qnal-21)2]CH2Cl2 (1) -- 3.2. Crystal structure of [Fe(qnal-12)2]2C6H6 (2) -- 3.3. Magnetic properties of 1 - 3 -- 3.4. Comparison of coordination geometries around Fe(II) ions in 1 and 2 -- 4. Conclusion -- 5. Acknowledgements -- References -- NMR Spectroscopic Studies of Light-Harvesting Bacteriochlorophylls Purified from Green Sulfur Photosynthetic Bacteria Y. Hirai and Y. Saga -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and Methods -- 3. Results and Discussion -- References.

Spectroscopic Studies of Individual Extramembranous Light- Harvesting Complexes of Green Photosynthetic Bacteria Y. Saga -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Single Supramolecule Spectroscopy of Chlorosomes -- 3. Detection of Energy Transfer in Individual Chlorosomes -- 4. Summary -- References -- Entanglement Operator for a Multi-Qubit System C. Bagnasco, Y. Kondo and M. Nakahara -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Refocusing with "Hard" Pulses -- 3. Cancellation with Soft Pulse -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Some Topics in Coding Theory K. Chinen -- 1. What is coding theory? -- 2. Preliminaries -- 3. Zeta functions for linear codes -- 4. Recent results -- References.