Ozonation of Water and Waste Water -- Contents -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Introduction -- Part I: Ozone in Overview -- 1: Toxicology -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Ozone in Gas -- 1.2.1 Inhalation -- 1.2.2 Skin Contact -- 1.2.3 Eye Contact -- 1.3 Ozone in Liquid -- 1.4 By-products -- References -- 2: Reaction Mechanism -- 2.1 Ozonation -- 2.1.1 Indirect Reaction -- 2.1.1.1 Initiation Step -- 2.1.1.2 Radical Chain Reaction -- 2.1.1.3 Termination Step -- 2.1.1.4 Overall Reaction -- 2.1.2 Direct Reaction -- 2.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) -- 2.2.1 Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide O3/H2O2 -- 2.2.2 Ozone/UV-Radiation O3/UV -- 2.2.3 Hydrogen Peroxide/UV-Radiation UV/H2O2 -- References -- 3: Ozone Applications -- 3.1 Historical Development -- 3.2 Overview of Ozone Applications -- 3.2.1 Ozone in the Gas Phase -- 3.2.2 Ozone in the Liquid Phase -- 3.3 Ozone in Drinking-Water Treatment Martin Jekel -- 3.3.1 Disinfection -- 3.3.2 Oxidation of Inorganic Compounds -- 3.3.3 Oxidation of Organic Compounds -- 3.3.3.1 Natural Organic Matter (NOM) -- 3.3.3.2 Organic Micropollutants -- 3.3.4 Particle-Removal Processes -- 3.4 Ozonation in Waste-Water Treatment -- 3.4.1 Disinfection -- 3.4.2 Oxidation of Inorganic Compounds -- 3.4.3 Oxidation of Organic Compounds -- 3.4.3.1 Landfill Leachates-Partial Mineralization -- 3.4.3.2 Textile Waste Waters-Color Removal and Partial Mineralization -- 3.4.3.3 Other Applications -- 3.4.4 Particle-Removal Processes -- 3.5 Economical Aspects of Ozonation -- References -- Part II: Ozone Applied -- 4: Experimental Design -- 4.1 Experimental Design Process -- 4.2 Experimental Design Steps -- 4.2.1 Define Goals -- 4.2.2 Define System -- 4.2.3 Select Analytical Methods and Methods of Data Evaluation -- 4.2.3.1 Ozone -- 4.2.3.2 Target Compound M -- 4.2.4 Determine Experimental Procedure.

4.2.5 Evaluate Data -- 4.2.6 Assess Results -- 4.3 Reactor Design -- 4.3.1 Reactor Types -- 4.3.1.1 Operating Mode -- 4.3.1.2 Mixing -- 4.3.2: Comparison of Reactor Types -- 4.3.3 Design of Chemical Oxidation Reactors -- 4.3.3.1 Reaction System -- 4.3.3.2 Ancillary Systems -- 4.3.3.3 Process Integration -- 4.3.3.4 Controllability -- 4.3.3.5 Site Integration -- 4.4 Checklists for Experimental Design -- 4.4.1 Checklists for Each Experimental Design Step -- 4.5 Ozone Data Sheet -- References -- 5: Experimental Equipment and Analytical Methods -- 5.1 Materials in Contact with Ozone -- 5.1.1 Materials in Pilot- or Full-Scale Applications -- 5.1.1.1 Reactors -- 5.1.1.2 Piping -- 5.1.2 Materials in Lab-Scale Experiments -- 5.1.2.1 Reactors -- 5.1.2.2 Piping -- 5.2 Ozone Generation -- 5.2.1 Electrical Discharge Ozone Generators (EDOGs) -- 5.2.1.1 Chemistry -- 5.2.1.2 Engineering and Operation -- 5.2.1.3 Type of Feed Gas and its Preparation -- 5.2.1.4 Ozone Concentration, Production Capacity and Specific Energy Consumption -- 5.2.1.5 Use of EDOGs in Laboratory Experiments -- 5.2.2 Electrolytic Ozone Generators (ELOGs) -- 5.2.2.1 Use of ELOGs in Laboratory Experiments -- 5.3 Reactors Used for Ozonation -- 5.3.1 Overview of Hydrodynamic Behavior and Mass Transfer -- 5.3.2 Directly Gassed Reactors -- 5.3.2.1 Bubble Columns and Similar Reactors -- 5.3.2.2 Stirred-Tank Reactors -- 5.3.3 Indirectly and Nongassed Reactors -- 5.3.3.1 Tube Reactors -- 5.3.3.2 Membrane Reactors -- 5.3.4 Types of Gas Contactors -- 5.3.5 Mode of Operation -- 5.3.6 Experimental Procedure -- 5.3.6.1 Batch Experiments -- 5.3.6.2 Continuous-Flow Experiments -- 5.3.6.3 Process Combinations -- 5.4 Ozone Measurement -- 5.4.1 Methods -- 5.4.1.1 Iodometric Method (Gas and Liquid) -- 5.4.1.2 UV Absorption (Gas and Liquid) -- 5.4.1.3 Visible-Light Absorption (Gas and Liquid).

5.4.1.4 Indigo Method (Liquid) -- 5.4.1.5 N,N-diethyl-1,4 Phenylenediammonium-DPD (Liquid) -- 5.4.1.6 Chemiluminescence-CL (Liquid) -- 5.4.1.7 Membrane Ozone Electrode (Liquid) -- 5.4.2 Practical Aspects of Ozone Measurement -- 5.5 Safety Aspects -- 5.5.1 Vent Ozone Gas Destruction -- 5.5.2 Ambient Air Ozone Monitoring -- 5.6 Common Questions, Problems and Pitfalls -- References -- 6: Mass Transfer -- 6.1 Theory of Mass Transfer -- 6.1.1 Mass Transfer in One Phase -- 6.1.2 Mass Transfer between Two Phases -- 6.1.3 Equilibrium Concentration for Ozone -- 6.1.4 Two-Film Theory -- 6.2 Parameters That Influence Mass Transfer -- 6.2.1 Mass Transfer with Simultaneous Chemical Reactions -- 6.2.1.1 Interdependence of Mass Transfer and Chemical Reaction -- 6.2.1.2 Effect of Kinetic Regime on Determination of Mass-Transfer Coefficients -- 6.2.2 Predicting the Mass-Transfer Coefficient -- 6.2.2.1 Theta Factor-Correction Factor for Temperature -- 6.2.2.2 Alpha Factor-Correction Factor for Water Composition -- 6.2.3 Influence of Water Constituents on Mass Transfer -- 6.2.3.1 Change in Bubble Coalescence -- 6.2.3.2 Changes in Surface Tension -- 6.3 Determination of Mass-Transfer Coefficients -- 6.3.1 Choice of Direct or Indirect Determination of kLa(O3) -- 6.3.2 General Experimental Considerations and Evaluation Methods -- 6.3.2.1 Equilibrium Concentration cL* -- 6.3.3 Nonsteady-State Methods Without Mass-Transfer Enhancement -- 6.3.3.1 Batch Model -- 6.3.3.2 Experimental Procedure -- 6.3.3.3 Continuous-Flow Model -- 6.3.3.4 Experimental Procedure -- 6.3.4 Steady-State Methods Without Mass-Transfer Enhancement -- 6.3.4.1 Semibatch and Continuous-Flow Models -- 6.3.4.2 Experimental Procedure -- 6.3.4.3 Simultaneous Determination of kLa and rL -- 6.3.5 Methods with Mass-Transfer Enhancement -- 6.3.5.1 Experimental Procedure.

6.3.6 Problems Inherent to the Determination of Mass-Transfer Coefficients -- 6.3.6.1 Nonsteady-State Method -- 6.3.6.2 Steady-State Method -- References -- 7: Reaction Kinetics -- 7.1 Reaction Order -- 7.1.1 Experimental Procedure to Determine the Reaction Order n -- 7.1.1.1 Half-Life Method -- 7.1.1.2 Initial Reaction Rate Method -- 7.1.1.3 Trial and Error -- 7.2 Reaction Rate Constants -- 7.2.1 Determination of Rate Constants -- 7.3 Parameters that Influence the Reaction Rate -- 7.3.1 Concentration of Oxidants -- 7.3.1.1 Direct Reactions -- 7.3.1.2 Indirect or Hydroxyl Radical Reactions -- 7.3.2 Temperature Dependency -- 7.3.3 Influence of pH -- 7.3.4 Influence of Inorganic Carbon -- 7.3.5 Influence of Inorganic Salts -- 7.3.6 Influence of Organic Carbon on the Radical Chain-Reaction Mechanism -- References -- 8: Modeling of Ozonation Processes -- 8.1 Ozone Modeling -- 8.1.1 General Description of the Ozone Modeling Problem -- 8.1.2 Chemical Model of Ozonation -- 8.1.3 Mathematical Model of Ozonation -- 8.1.3.1 Mass Balances -- 8.1.3.2 Rate Equations -- 8.1.3.3 Solving the Model -- 8.1.4 Summary -- 8.2 Modeling of Drinking-Water Oxidation -- 8.2.1 Chemical and Mathematical Models -- 8.2.2 Methods to Determine the Hydroxyl-Radical Concentration -- 8.2.2.1 Indirect Measurement -- 8.2.2.2 Complete Radical-Chain-Reaction Mechanism -- 8.2.2.3 Semiempirical Method Based on Observable Parameters -- 8.2.2.4 Semiempirical Method Based on Observed Hydroxyl Radical Initiating Rate -- 8.2.2.5 Empirical Selectivity for Scavengers -- 8.2.2.6 Summary of Chemical and Mathematical Models for Drinking Water -- 8.2.3 Models Including Physical Processes -- 8.3 Modeling of Waste-Water Oxidation -- 8.3.1 Chemical and Mathematical Models -- 8.3.2 Empirical Models -- 8.3.3 Summary -- 8.4 Final Comments on Modeling -- References.

9: Application of Ozone in Combined Processes -- 9.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes -- 9.1.1 Chemical AOPs -- 9.1.1.1 Principles and Goals -- 9.1.1.2 Existing Processes -- 9.1.1.3 Experimental Design -- 9.1.2 Catalytic Ozonation -- 9.1.2.1 Principles and Goals -- 9.1.2.2 Existing Processes and Current Research -- 9.1.2.3 Experimental Design -- 9.2 Three-Phase Systems -- 9.2.1 Principles and Goals -- 9.2.1.1 Gas / Water / Solvent Systems -- 9.2.1.2 Gas / Water / Solid Systems -- 9.2.2 Mass Transfer in Three-Phase Systems -- 9.2.3 Existing Processes and Current Research -- 9.2.3.1 Gas / Water / Solvent Systems -- 9.2.3.2 Gas / Water / Solid Systems -- 9.2.3.3 Change in the Solids -- 9.2.3.4 Change in Compounds Adsorbed on the Solids -- 9.2.3.5 Soil Ozonation -- 9.2.3.6 Regeneration of Adsorbents -- 9.2.4 Experimental Design -- 9.2.4.1 Define System -- 9.2.4.2 Select Analytical Methods -- 9.2.4.3 Determine Experimental Procedure -- 9.2.4.4 Evaluate Data and Assess Results -- 9.3 Chemical-Biological Processes (CBP) -- 9.3.1 Principles and Goals -- 9.3.2 Existing Processes and Current Research -- 9.3.2.1 Drinking-Water Applications -- 9.3.2.2 Waste-Water Applications -- 9.3.3 Experimental Design -- 9.3.3.1 Define System -- 9.3.3.2 Select Analytical Methods -- 9.3.3.3 Determine Experimental Procedure -- 9.3.3.4 Evaluate Data -- 9.3.3.5 Assess Results -- 9.4 Applications in the Semiconductor Industry -- 9.4.1 Production Sequence -- 9.4.2 Principles and Goals -- 9.4.3 Existing Processes for Cleaning and Oxidation -- 9.4.4 Process and / or Experimental Design -- 9.4.4.1 Define System -- 9.4.4.2 Select Analytical Methods -- 9.4.4.3 Determine Procedure -- 9.4.4.4 Evaluate Data and Assess Results -- References -- Glossary of Terms -- Index.