SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- CONTRIBUTORS -- ABOUT THE EDITOR -- PART I INTRODUCTION -- 1. Historical Overview and Commercialization of Syndiotactic Polystyrene -- 1.1 Discovery of Syndiotactic Polystyrene (SPS) -- 1.2 Early Years of Development (1985-1989) -- 1.3 Intense Development Years (1989-1996) -- 1.4 Initial Commercial Launch Stage (1996-2001) -- 1.5 Years 2001-2007 -- PART II PREPARATION OF SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE -- 2. Transition Metal Catalysts for Syndiotactic Polystyrene -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Transition Metal Compounds -- 2.2.1 Metals -- 2.2.2 Titanium Complexes -- 2.2.3 Molecular Weight Control -- 2.2.4 Supported and Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 2.3 Summary -- References -- 3. Cocatalysts for the Syndiospecific Styrene Polymerization -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 MAO -- 3.3 Boron Compounds -- 3.4 Other Chemicals -- 3.5 Summary -- References -- 4. Mechanisms for Stereochemical Control in the Syndiotactic Polymerization of Styrene -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Insertion of the Growing Polymer Chain into the Double Bond of Styrene -- 4.3 Stereochemistry of the Styrene Insertion -- 4.4 Effects of Hydrogenation of the Catalyst -- 4.5 Active Site Species -- 4.5.1 Valence of Active Sites -- 4.5.2 Number of Active Sites -- 4.5.3 Structure of Active Sites -- 4.6 Theoretical Analysis of the Catalyst -- 4.7 Kinetic Analysis of Styrene Polymerization -- 4.8 Conclusions -- References -- 5. Copolymerization of Ethylene with Styrene: Design of Efficient Transition Metal Complex Catalysts -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Ethylene/Styrene Copolymers: Microstructures, Thermal Properties, and Composition Analyses -- 5.3 Ethylene/Styrene Copolymerization Using Transition Metal Complex-Cocatalyst Systems -- 5.3.1 Half-Titanocenes, CpT́iX(3) -- 5.3.2 Linked (Constrained Geometry Type) Half-Titanocenes.

5.3.3 Modified Half-Titanocenes, C(p)́Ti(L)X(2) -- 5.3.4 Non-Cp Titanium Complexes -- 5.3.5 Metallocenes -- 5.3.6 Others -- 5.4 Summary and Outlook -- References -- 6. Structure and Properties of Tetrabenzo[a,c,g,i]fluorenyl-Based Titanium Catalysts -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Tbf Ligand -- 6.3 Tbf Lithium -- 6.3.1 Synthesis and Characterization of Tbf Lithium -- 6.4 Tbf Titanium(III) Derivatives -- 6.4.1 Synthesis of Tbf Titanium(III) Chloride Complexes -- 6.4.2 Reaction of TbfTi(III)Cl(2)(THF) (VIII) with Radicals -- 6.5 Tbf Titanium(IV) Derivatives -- 6.5.1 Synthesis of Tbf Titanium Monophenoxide Complexes -- 6.6 Dynamic and Polymerization Behavior of Tetrabenzofluorenyl Titanium Complexes -- 6.6.1 Styrene Polymerization -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- 7. Rare-Earth Metal Complexes as Catalysts for Syndiospecific Styrene Polymerization -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Metallocene Catalysts -- 7.3 Constrained Geometry Catalysts -- 7.4 Half-Sandwich Catalysts -- 7.5 Nonmetallocene Catalysts -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- 8. Syndiospecific Styrene Polymerization with Heterogenized Transition Metal Catalysts -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Kinetics of Syndiospecific Polymerization with Heterogeneous Metallocene Catalysts -- 8.2.1 Kinetic Profiles of Heterogeneous SPS Polymerization -- 8.2.2 Liquid Slurry Polymerization with Heterogenized Cp*Ti(OCH(3))(3) Catalyst -- 8.2.3 Modeling of Polymerization Kinetics -- 8.2.4 Molecular Weight Distribution of SPS with Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 8.3 Nascent Morphology of Syndiotactic Polystyrene -- 8.3.1 Physical Transitions of Reaction Mixture During Polymerization -- 8.3.2 Effect of Reaction Conditions on Polymer Morphology -- 8.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- PART III STRUCTURE AND FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE.

9. Structure, Morphology, and Crystallization Behavior of Syndiotactic Polystyrene -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Polymorphic Behavior of SPS -- 9.2.1 Crystallization from the Melt State -- 9.2.2 Crystallization from the Glassy State -- 9.2.3 Morphology Development in the Presence of Solvents -- 9.3 Morphology of the Zigzag Forms -- 9.3.1 Crystal Structure of the α Form -- 9.3.2 Crystal Structure of the β Form -- 9.3.3 Lamellar and Spherulitic Morphology of the Zigzag Forms -- 9.4 Morphology of the Mesomorphic Phases -- 9.5 Thermodynamic and Kinetics of Crystallization -- 9.5.1 Thermodynamic and Kinetics of Crystallization -- 9.6 Melting Behavior -- 9.6.1 Equilibrium Melting Temperature of α and β Crystals -- 9.6.2 Memory Effects -- 9.7 Structure and Properties of the Crystallized Samples -- 9.7.1 Morphology of Injection Molded Samples -- 9.7.2 Relation between Morphology Structure, Processing, and Properties -- References -- 10. Preparation, Structure, Properties, and Applications of Co-Crystals and Nanoporous Crystalline Phases of Syndiotactic Polystyrene -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Co-Crystals -- 10.2.1 Crystalline Structures -- 10.2.2 Processing and Materials -- 10.2.3 Characterization Studies -- 10.2.4 Properties and Applications -- 10.3 Nanoporous Crystalline Phases -- 10.3.1 Crystalline Structures -- 10.3.2 Processing and Materials -- 10.3.3 Characterization Studies -- 10.3.4 Applications -- 10.4 Conclusions and Perspectives -- 10.5 Acknowledgments -- References -- 11. Crystallization Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Syndiotactic Polystyrene -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Theoretical Background -- 11.3 Equilibrium Melting Point of SPS -- 11.3.1 Evaluation of Spherulitic Growth Rate G -- 11.4 Analyses of Spherulitic Growth Rate G -- 11.5 Comparison Between SPS and IPS -- References.

PART IV COMMERCIAL PROCESSES FOR MANUFACTURING OF SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE -- 12. Processes for the Production of Syndiotactic Polystyrene -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Monomer Purification Section -- 12.3 Catalyst Section -- 12.4 Polymerization Section -- 12.4.1 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Process -- 12.4.2 Continuous Fluidized Bed Reactor Process -- 12.4.3 Continuous Self-Cleaning Reactor Process -- 12.5 Styrene Stripping Section -- 12.6 Deactivating Section -- 12.7 Pelletizing Section -- 12.8 Blending Section -- 12.9 Shipping Section -- References -- PART V PROPERTIES, PROCESSING, AND APPLICATIONS OF SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE -- 13. Properties of Syndiotactic Polystyrene -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Rheological Properties of SPS -- 13.3 Basic Physical Mechanical Properties of SPS -- 13.3.1 Thermal Properties of SPS -- 13.3.2 Mechanical Properties of SPS -- 13.4 Orientation of SPS and Properties of Oriented SPS -- 13.4.1 Properties of Uniaxially Oriented SPS -- 13.4.2 Properties of Biaxially Oriented SPS (BoSPS) -- 13.5 Other Important Properties of SPS -- 13.5.1 Electrical Properties of SPS -- 13.5.2 Chemical Resistance of SPS -- References -- 14. Melt Processing of Syndiotactic Polystyrene -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Compounding -- 14.2.1 Introduction -- 14.2.2 Compounding Equipment -- 14.2.3 Compounding Process Conditions -- 14.3 Injection Molding -- 14.3.1 Introduction -- 14.3.2 General Product Design -- 14.3.3 Thin Wall Product Designs -- 14.3.4 Injection Mold Design -- 14.3.5 Injection Mold Melt Delivery System (Runners and Gates) -- 14.3.6 Venting -- 14.3.7 Injection Molding Cooling Cycle and Crystallinity -- 14.3.8 Shrinkage during the Cooling Phase -- 14.3.9 Injection Molding Process Set-up -- 14.3.10 Injection Molding Cycle -- 14.3.11 Special Injection Molding Cycles -- 14.4 Sheet and Film Extrusion -- 14.4.1 Introduction.

14.4.2 Extrusion -- 14.4.3 General Extruder Design -- 14.4.4 Processing Parameters -- 14.4.5 Material Drying -- 14.5 Film Processing and Fabrication -- 14.5.1 Introduction -- 14.5.2 Cast Film Extrusion -- 14.5.3 Thermoforming -- 14.6 Fiber Spinning -- References -- 15. Applications of Syndiotactic Polystyrene -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Performance Capabilities of SPS -- 15.3 Connectors for Automotive and Electronic Applications -- 15.4 Electronic Components: Plated and Non-Plated -- 15.5 Industrial and Appliance Components -- References -- 16. Blends of Syndiotactic Polystyrene with Polyamide -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Composition of SPS/Nylon Blends -- 16.2.1 Polyamides Used in SPS/Nylon Blends -- 16.2.2 SPS/Nylon Blend Formulations -- 16.2.3 SPS/Nylon Blend Composition Patents -- 16.2.4 SPS/Nylon Blend Compositions Described in Technical Journals -- 16.3 Properties of SPS/Nylon Blends -- 16.3.1 Mechanical Properties of SPS/Nylon Blends -- 16.3.2 Rheology of SPS/Nylon Blends -- 16.3.3 Moisture Absorption and Moisture Growth of SPS/Nylon Blends -- 16.3.4 Dimensional Stability of SPS/Nylon Blends -- 16.3.5 USCAR Performance of SPS/Nylon Blends -- 16.3.6 Environmental Stress Crack Resistance of SPS/Nylon Blends -- 16.4 Applications of SPS/Nylon Blends -- 16.4.1 SPS/Nylon Blend Under-the-hood Automotive Connectors -- 16.4.2 SPS/Nylon Blend Carpet Fibers -- 16.4.3 SPS/Nylon Blend Application Patents -- References -- 17. Blends of Syndiotactic Polystyrene with Polystyrenes -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 SANS Measurements -- 17.3 Theoretical Background -- 17.4 Tacticity Effect on Miscibility -- 17.5 Properties of Blends of SPS and APS -- References -- 18. Compatibilizers for Impact-Modified Syndiotactic Polystyrene -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Morphological Analyses of HISPS -- 18.2.1 SAXS Profiles of HISPS in the Crystalline State.

18.2.2 Effect of Nucleators on Lamellar Orientation in HISPS.