Aristotle on False Reasoning -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- Preface -- Introduction: Reasoning and the Sophistical Refutations -- ARISTOTLE ON THE KINDS OF REASONING -- THE SOPHISTICAL REFUTATIONS -- OUTLINE OF THE BOOK -- Part 1: Fallacies Due to Language -- 1. The Power of Names -- NAMING IS NOT LIKE COUNTING -- "COUNTERS" -- "SIGNIFIERS" -- CONCLUSION -- 2. Homonymy and Amphiboly -- INTRODUCTION -- THE SIX SOURCES OF FALSE REASONING DUE TO LANGUAGE -- HOMONYMY -- Homonymy in the Categories -- Homonymy in S.E. -- AMPHIBOLY -- Amphiboly in S.E. -- Amphiboly Outside the Organon -- Problems with Aristotle's Distinction: The Argument of S.E. 17 -- CONCLUSION -- 3. Form of the Expression -- INTRODUCTION -- FORM OF THE EXPRESSION AS A CATEGORY MISTAKE -- Confusion of Substance with Quantity -- Confusion of Substance with Relative -- Confusion of Substance with Quality -- Confusion of Substance with Time -- Confusion of Activity with "Being-Affected" -- Confusion of Activity with Quality -- FORM OF THE EXPRESSION FALLACIES THAT ARE NOT CATEGORY MISTAKES -- Confusion of a Particular with a Universal -- Confusion of One Particular Substance with Another -- Confusions Based on Gender Terminations -- FORM OF THE EXPRESSION AND SOLECISM: ARISTOTLE AND PROTAGORAS -- FORM OF THE EXPRESSION AS A LINGUISTIC FALLACY OF DOUBLE MEANING -- 4. Composition, Division, and Accent -- DIFFICULTIES AND PROCEDURE -- FALLACIES DUE TO ACCENT -- FALLACIES DUE TO COMPOSITION AND DIVISION (C/D) -- C/D Fallacies Are Not Examples of Double Meaning -- The Primacy of Oral Speech -- Further Examples -- Confusing Linguistic Parts and Wholes -- C/D Fallacies in the Rhetoric -- CONCLUSION -- Part 2: Resolutions of False Arguments -- 5. Resolutions of False Arguments -- INTRODUCTION -- PRINCIPLES OF ARISTOTELIAN ANALYTICAL METHOD -- TWO KINDS OF RESOLUTION.

THE PRINCIPLE OF PARSIMONY -- PROPER REFUTATIONS AND THEIR DEFECTS: IGNORATIO ELENCHI -- RESOLUTIONS OF FALLACIES DUE TO LANGUAGE -- How These Fallacies Violate the De.nition of a Refutation -- The Unity of Composition and Division: S.E. 23 -- The Extralinguistic Component of Resolutions to Linguistic Fallacies -- Part 3: Fallacies Outside of Language -- 6. Begging the Question and Non-Cause As Cause -- INTRODUCTION -- THE FALLACY OF BEGGING THE QUESTION -- Begging the Question in the Prior Analytics -- Begging the Question in Dialectical Reasoning -- Begging the Question and Immediate Inferences -- RESOLUTIONS -- THE FALLACY OF TREATING A NON-CAUSE AS CAUSE -- CONCLUSION -- 7. Accident and Consequent -- INTRODUCTION -- FALLACIES DUE TO ACCIDENT AND THEIR RESOLUTIONS -- FALSE RESOLUTIONS TO FALLACIES DUE TO ACCIDENT -- False Resolutions by Appeal to Linguistic Equivocation -- False Resolutions by Appeal to Oblique Context -- False Resolutions by Citing Missing Qualifications -- Final Remarks on Double Meaning and Fallacies Due to Accident -- HISTORICAL REASONS FOR TREATING FALLACIES DUE TO ACCIDENT AS ERRORS OF LOGICAL FORM -- FALLACIES DUE TO CONSEQUENT -- Introduction -- Aristotle's Examples -- CONCLUSION -- 8. Secundum Quid -- INTRODUCTION -- TWO TYPES OF SECUNDUM QUID FALLACY -- RESOLUTIONS OF SECUNDUM QUID FALLACIES -- SECUNDUM QUID AS A FALLACY OUTSIDE OF LANGUAGE: ARISTOTLE'S POSITION -- PROBLEMS WITH ARISTOTLE'S POSITION -- CONCLUSION -- 9. Many Questions -- INTRODUCTION -- DISJUNCTIVE AND CONJUNCTIVE PREMISES -- Disjunctive Premises -- Conjunctive Premises -- RESOLUTIONS OF FALLACIES DUE TO MANY QUESTIONS -- HOMONYMY AND AMPHIBOLY AS CASES OF MANY QUESTIONS -- UNITY OF PREDICATION VERSUS UNITY OF DEFINITION: THE PROBLEM OF DE INTERPRETATIONE -- de Interpretatione 5 -- de Interpretatione 8 and 11 -- CONCLUSION -- Conclusion and Summary.

Appendix 1: Paralogisms in Aristotle -- Appendix 2: Words and Counters-Platonic Antecedents -- Appendix 3 -- Appendix 4: Platonic and Academic Background to Secundum Quid -- Notes -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER 1 -- CHAPTER 2 -- CHAPTER 3 -- CHAPTER 4 -- CHAPTER 5 -- CHAPTER 6 -- CHAPTER 7 -- CHAPTER 8 -- CHAPTER 9 -- CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY -- APPENDIX 1 -- APPENDIX 2 -- APPENDIX 3 -- APPENDIX 4 -- Bibliography -- Index of Names -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- W -- Z -- Subject Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- H -- I -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U.