Nanomedicine Design of Particles, Sensors, Motors, Implants, Robots, and Devices -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 A Nanotechnology Framework for Medical Innovation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Descriptive Systems Modeling -- 1.2.1 Examples of Descriptive Systems Modeling -- 1.3 Instrumentation Needed to Develop DSM -- 1.4 Nanomaterials Made for Medicine -- 1.5 Implantable Nanomedical Devices -- 1.6 Nanorobots -- 1.6.1 Nanorobots for Revolutionizing Medicine -- 1.6.2 Nanorobot Factory -- 1.6.3 Biological Nanorobots -- 1.7 Biodegradable Metals for Temporary Implantable Nanomedical Devices -- 1.8 Integration of Nanodevices in the Body -- 1.9 Safety and Ethical Implications of Nanomedicine -- 1.10 Efficiently Working Together Using Shared Resources -- 1.11 Chapter Summary and Conclusions -- Problems -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Endnote -- Part 1 Nanoscale Materials and Particles -- Chapter 2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube Materials for Biomedical Applications -- 2.1 Introduction to Nanoscale Materials -- 2.2 Synthesis of Long Carbon Nanotube Arrays -- 2.3 Characterization of CNT Arrays -- 2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy -- 2.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis -- 2.4 Patterned CNT Arrays -- 2.5 Production Scale Up of CNT Arrays at UC -- 2.5.1 Magnetron Sputtering for Substrate Preparation -- 2.6 Spinning Carbon Nanotubes into Thread -- 2.6.1 Mechanics of Array Spinning -- 2.6.2 Direct Spinning of Thread from Long CNT Arrays -- 2.6.3 Catalyst and Substrates for Growing of Spinable CNT Arrays -- 2.6.4 Spinning Thread from DWCNT Arrays -- 2.6.5 Pulling Ribbon from CNT Arrays -- 2.6.6 Post-Treatment of the CNT Thread -- 2.7 Mechanical and Electrical Characterization of CNT Thread -- 2.7.1 Tensile Testing of CNT Thread -- 2.7.2 Electrical Properties of CNT Thread.

2.7.3 Temperature Dependence of the CNT Thread Resistance -- 2.7.4 Electrical Properties of CNT Ribbon -- 2.8 Nano-Handling of CNTs Using a Nanomanipulator Inside an ESEM -- 2.8.1 Instrumentation -- 2.8.2 Handling CNT Bundles -- 2.8.3 Building Nanomedical Devices Using the Nanomanipulator -- 2.9 Carbon Nanotube Threads in Wireless, Biomedical Sensor Applications -- 2.9.1 Wireless Communication and the Modern World -- 2.9.2 Development of CNT Thread-Based Antenna at UC -- 2.9.3 Future Medical Application of the CNT Thread Antenna -- 2.10 Applications of CNT Materials in Nanomedicine -- 2.10.1 Carbon Nanotube Array Immunosensor -- 2.10.2 Carbon Nanotube Actuators -- 2.10.3 Carbon Nanotube Materials as Scaffolds for Supporting Directional Neurite Growth -- 2.11 Summary and Conclusions -- Problems -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes as Multimodal Drug Delivery Systems for Targeted Cancer Therapy -- 3.1 Introduction to Targeted Cancer Therapy -- 3.1.1 Cancer Statistics -- 3.1.2 Present-Day Cancer Treatment and Associated Problems -- 3.1.3 A Brief Insight into Targeting Strategies -- 3.2 Carbon Nanotubes: A Versatile Material -- 3.2.1 Definition and Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes -- 3.2.2 Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes -- 3.2.3 Purification of Carbon Nanotubes -- 3.2.4 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes for Biomedical Applications -- 3.3 Carbon Nanotubes as Nanovectors for Multimodal Drug Delivery -- 3.3.1 Carbon Nanotube Drug Delivery Systems Based on Surface Functionalization -- 3.3.2 Carbon Nanotube Drug Delivery Systems Based on Filling of the Inner Cavity -- 3.4 Challenges and Future Prospects -- 3.4.1 Toxicological Aspects -- 3.4.2 In Vivo Biodistribution of Carbon Nanotubes -- 3.5 Conclusion -- Problems -- Acknowledgments -- References.

Chapter 4 Composite Nanoparticles for Cancer Imaging and Therapy: Engineering Surface, Composition, and Shape -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Nanoscience and Medicine: The Need and the Opportunity -- 4.1.2 Nanodevices -- 4.1.3 Principles of Nanodevice Design -- 4.2 Materials for Nanodevice Fabrication -- 4.2.1 Dendrimers -- 4.2.2 Engineering Size, Charge, and Surface Functionality of PAMAM Dendrimers -- 4.2.3 Dendrimer Nanocomposites: Engineering Composition -- 4.2.4 Inorganic Nanoparticles: Engineering Shape -- 4.3 Application Examples of Nanodevices -- 4.3.1 Nanoparticles in Cancer Imaging -- 4.3.2 Application Examples of Dendrimer Nanodevices -- 4.3.3 Perspectives on Biomedical Applications of Shaped Nanocrystals -- 4.4 Summary -- Problems -- References -- Chapter 5 Three-Dimensional Lithographically Structured Self-Assembled Biomedical Devices -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Basics of Lithographic Fabrication -- 5.3 The Need for Three-Dimensional Biomedical Devices -- 5.4 Present Day Lithographically Structured Biomedical Devices -- 5.4.1 Drug Delivery Devices -- 5.4.2 Structural Devices -- 5.4.3 Implantable Organic /Electronic Devices -- 5.4.4 Microfluidic Devices for Diagnosis and Cell Growth -- 5.4.5 Soft and Wet 3-D Devices -- 5.4.6 Tissue Scaffolds-Growing Live Devices -- 5.4.7 Interactions with Body Components -- 5.5 Combination of Lithography and Self-Assembly to Construct 3-D Devices -- 5.5.1 Three-Dimensional Self-Assembled Containers -- 5.5.2 Multilayer Thin Film Stress for 3-D Self Assembly -- 5.5.3 Three-Dimensional Constructs for Cell Culture -- 5.5.4 Microscale Tetherless Gripper (Chemically Triggered MicrosurgicalTools) -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Future Directions -- Problems -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Selected Bibliography -- Chapter 6 Nanosized Magnetite for Biomedical Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Crystalline Structure.

6.2.1 Bulk Magnetite -- 6.2.2 Structural Characteristics of Nanoparticles -- 6.3 Nanosized Magnetism -- 6.3.1 Multidomain and Monodomain Particles: Superparamagnetism -- 6.3.2 Experimental Data -- 6.4 Magnetic Particles and Biomedical Applications -- 6.4.1 Magnetite and Bioworld -- 6.4.2 Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Single-Domain Particles -- 6.5 Conclusions -- Problems -- References -- Chapter 7 Progress in the Use of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes to Support Neuronal Attachment and Directional Neurite Growth -- 7.1 Background -- 7.1.1 CNS Regeneration Occurs Under Some Conditions -- 7.1.2 Factors That Inhibit or Stimulate Axonal Regeneration -- 7.1.3 The Geometry Hypothesis -- 7.1.4 Artificial Substrates Can Promote Axonal Regeneration -- 7.1.5 Carbon Nanotubes and Axonal Regeneration -- 7.1.6 Aligned Carbon Nanotubes as a Potential Scaffold for Axonal Regeneration -- 7.1.7 CNT Cytotoxicity -- 7.2 Recent Progress -- 7.2.1 Preparation of CNTs -- 7.2.2 Neuronal Cultures -- 7.2.3 Neuronal Attachment and Neurite Outgrowth on Aligned CNTs -- 7.3 Future Directions and Challenges -- Problems -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 RNA Ring-Geared Bacteriophage phi29 DNA Packaging Nanomotor for Nanotechnology and Gene Delivery -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Components Related to the phi29 DNA Packaging Motor -- 8.2.1 phi29 pRNA -- 8.2.2 phi29 Procapsid -- 8.2.3 Gp16 -- 8.2.4 DNA-gp3 -- 8.2.5 Fiber (gp8.5), and Neck and Tail (gp9, gp11-12) Proteins -- 8.3 Construction of the Biomimetic phi29 DNA Packaging Motor -- 8.4 Structure of pRNA -- 8.5 Mechanism of the phi29 Motor Function -- 8.5.1 Symmetry Argument: Pentamer or Hexamer -- 8.5.2 ATP Hydrolysis Provides the Driving Force of the phi29 DNA PackagingMotor -- 8.5.3 Possible Models for phi29 Motor Function -- 8.5.4 Single Molecule Approaches to Elucidate Motor Mechanism.

8.6 Potential Applications of the phi29 Motor in Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy -- 8.6.1 A Nanomotor with the Potential to Be Incorporated into Nanodevices -- 8.6.2 Connector Arrays for Nanotechnology -- 8.6.3 Polyvalent Gene Delivery System Using Phi29 pRNA -- 8.6.4 Engineered phi 29 Connectors as Therapeutic Tools -- 8.6.5 phi29 DNA Packaging Motors Act as Tools for Gene Therapy -- 8.6.6 The DNA-Packaging Motor as a DNA-Sequencing Apparatus orMolecular Sorter -- 8.7 Prospectives -- Problems -- References -- Part II Electronic Biomedical Devices -- Chapter 9 Magnetic Nanomaterials, Nanotubes, and Nanomedicine -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine -- 9.1.2 Magnetic Nanomaterials -- 9.1.3 Magnetic Nanomedicine -- 9.1.4 Status -- 9.2 Physical Background for Magnetic Nanomedicine -- 9.2.1 Nanoparticles and Ferrofluids -- 9.2.2 Magnetic Manipulation -- 9.2.3 Fundamentals of Nanomagentism -- 9.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 9.3.1 Basics of Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 9.3.2 Synthesis Techniques -- 9.3.3 Functionalization Techniques -- 9.3.4 Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 9.4 Magnetic Nanowires -- 9.4.1 Typical Structures of Magnetic Nanowires -- 9.4.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanowires -- 9.4.3 Functionalization of Magnetic Nanowires -- 9.4.4 Biomecial Applications of Magnetic Nanowires -- 9.5 Magnetic Nanotubes -- 9.5.1 Magnetism of Magnetic Nanotubes -- 9.5.2 Multifunctionality of Magnetic Nanotubes -- 9.5.3 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanotubes -- 9.5.4 Biomedical Applications -- 9.6 Magnetic Biosensors -- 9.6.1 Typical Magnetic Biosensing Schemes -- 9.6.2 Magnetoresistance-Based Sensors -- 9.6.3 Hall-Effect Sensors -- 9.6.4 Sensors Detecting Magnetic Relaxations -- 9.7 Magnetic Biochips -- 9.8 Prospects -- Problems -- References -- Chapter 10 Mobile Microscopic Sensors for In Vivo Diagnostics -- 10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Robot Capabilities and Environment.