PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA -- Contents -- Science, technology, and economic growth -- Trends and patterns in research and development expenditures in the United States -- OVERALL R&D SPENDING -- BASIC, ACADEMIC, AND FEDERAL LAB RESEARCH -- INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS -- Measuring science: An exploration -- THE AGGREGATE STORY -- FIELDS -- FIELDS BY UNIVERSITIES -- AN INCONCLUSIVE CONCLUSION -- DATA APPENDIX -- Flows of knowledge from universities and federal laboratories: Modeling the flow of patent citations over time and across… -- THE DATA -- THE MODEL -- MODEL SPECIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION -- RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- The future of the national laboratories -- ECONOMICS, POLITICS, AND INTRAMURAL RESEARCH -- COOPERATIVE RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AT THE FEDERAL LABORATORIES -- IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE -- Long-term change in the organization of inventive activity -- THE PATENT SYSTEM AS THE BASIS FOR TRADE IN TECHNOLOGY -- THE GROWTH OF TRADE IN PATENTS AND SPECIALIZATION AT INVENTION -- CONCLUSION -- National policies for technical change: Where are the increasing returns to economic research? -- THE USEFULNESS OF BASIC RESEARCH -- UNEVEN TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AMONGST COUNTRIES -- THE MEASUREMENT OF SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY -- CONCLUSIONS -- Are the returns to technological change in health care declining? -- DATA -- TRENDS IN AMI TREATMENTS, COSTS, AND OUTCOMES -- DIFFERENCES IN TREATMENT INTENSITY ACROSS HOSPITAL TYPES -- IV ESTIMATES OF THE RETURNS TO MORE INTENSIVE AMI CARE -- ESTIMATES OF THE MARGINAL EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE -- DISCUSSION -- Star scientists and institutional transformation: Patterns of invention and innovation in the formation of the biotechnology… -- IDEAS IN PEOPLE -- COMMERCIALIZATION OF BIOSCIENCE -- CONCLUSIONS.

Evaluating the federal role in financing health-related research -- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK -- CONCLUSIONS -- Public-private interaction in pharmaceutical research -- DATA AND METHODS -- QUALITATIVE EVIDENCE: FIELD INTERVIEWS AND CASE STUDIES -- QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS -- CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH -- Environmental change and hedonic cost functions for automobiles -- ESTIMATING A HEDONIC COST FUNCTION -- THE DATA -- RESULTS FROM THE PRODUCTION DATA -- THE FUEL EFFICIENCY OF THE NEW CAR FLEET -- INNOVATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- Sematech: Purpose and Performance -- THE PURPOSE OF SEMATECH -- THE PERFORMANCE OF SEMATECH -- CONCLUSIONS -- The challenge of contracting for technological information -- THE PECULIAR PROPERTIES OF TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION -- THE PRODUCTION AND TRANSMISSION OF TI -- IMPLICATIONS -- An economic analysis of unilateral refusals to license intellectual property -- I. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND THE ANTITRUST LAWS -- II. REFUSALS TO DEAL AND THE ESSENTIAL FACILITIES DOCTRINE -- III. WHY REFUSE TO DEAL RATHER THAN SET A HIGH PRICE? -- IV. RECENT LEGAL APPROACHES TO ANALYZING REFUSALS TO DEAL -- V. CONCLUDING REMARKS.