RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION:POLICIES, TECHNOLOGY ANDPERSPECTIVES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURE MARKET IN EUROPE -- Abstract -- I. Introduction -- Users of transport services: -- Transport companies -- Infrastructure companies, -- The government -- II. The Current State of Railway Transport in Europe -- Corridor I -- Corridor II -- Corridor III -- Corridor IV -- Corridor V -- Corridor VI -- Corridor VII -- Corridor VIII -- Corridor IX -- Corridor X -- III. Combined Transport -- 1). The operators offering a terminal-to-terminal service: -- 2) The operators offering the complete chain of transport from door to door, i.e., fromthe shipper to the final consignee: -- IV. European Legislation Review -- V. Railway Infrastructure Reformation and Management in theEuropean Union -- VI. Railways in South-Eastern Europe -- 1. Development and State of the Railways in South-Eastern Europe -- 2. Measures for Improving the State and Efficiency of the Railways in SouthEastern Europe and Opportunities for Partnership -- VII. Infratsructure Charges in EU -- 1. Basic Principles of Charging -- 2. Existing Approaches for Measuring Marginal Social Costs of the RailwayInfrastructure in the EU Countries -- Top-down approaches: -- Bottom-up approaches: -- 3. Charging Approaches -- Short run marginal cost pricing (SMC) -- Marginal cost pricing with mark-ups (MC+) -- Full financial costs pricing (recovering) (FC-) -- 4. Assessment of the Approaches -- 5. Requirements for Data Provision -- VIII. Opportunities for Internalisation of the External Costs -- IX. Key Issues for Sustainable Development of Railways in EU -- 1. Sustainability and Transport Policy -- 1.1. Economic Sustainability-Creating Incentives for Efficient Response to Needs -- 1.2. Environmental Sustainability-Promoting More Livable Settlements andReducing External Effects.

1.3. Social Sustainability-Reducing Poverty -- 2. Sustainability Requires Policy and Institutional Reform -- 2.1. Criteria for Strategic Development -- X. Conclusion -- References -- EXPLAINING OCCUPANCY RATES IN THE EUROPEANRAILWAYS: A REDUCED-FORM APPROACH -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Determinants of Occupancy Rate9 -- 3. Empirical Specification and Data -- 3.1. Reduced-Form Equation -- 3.2. Explanatory Variables -- 3.3. Sample and Data -- 4. Empirical Results -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- RAILWAY-GENERATED MAGNETIC FIELD:ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS -- Abstract -- 1. Biological Effects of Railway Magnetic Field Environment -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Epidemiological Studies on Transport Employees -- 1.2.1. Malignant Diseases -- 1.2.2. Cardiovascular Diseases -- 1.3. Ulf-Elf Magnetic Field Environment -- 1.3.1. General characteristics -- 1.3.2. Natural Geomagnetic Background -- 1.3.3. Technological Fields at Power Frequencies -- 1.3.4. Railway Magnetic Fields in our Environment -- Magnetic Fields Far from Sources -- Magnetic Fields Onboard and Near Electric Trains -- 2. ULF-ELF Magnetic Field Testing of Railways -- 2.1. Instrumentation -- 2.1.1. Portable Waveform Capture System MVC-3 -- 2.1.2. Calibration and Quality Assurance Procedures -- 2.2.Onboard Measurements -- 2.2.1. Railway Facilities -- 2.2.2. Measurement Protocol -- 2.2.3.Data Organization -- 2.2.4. Measurements on Russian DC-Powered Railways -- 2.2.5.Measurements on Swiss AC-powered railways Frequency spectra. -- 3. Biologically Important Characteristics ofRailway-Generated Magnetic Field -- 3.1. Plausible Mechanisms of Magnetic Field Interaction withBiological Systems -- 3.2.Magnetic Field Exposure Problem -- 3.3. Exposure Assessment Methods for Railway Magnetic Field -- 3.4. Magnetic Field Characteristics Beyond TWA -- 3.4.1. Amplitude-Frequency Dependence.

3.4.2. Polarization Characteristics -- 3.4.3. Intermittency Characteristics -- 4. Conclusion -- Appendix -- A.1. Electromotive Forces Ψ Produced by the Time Change of MagneticField Intensity within the Human Body -- A.2. Induced Ψ Caused by Changes in Cross-Section of Closed Loops in thePresence of MF of Natural and Man-Made Origin -- A.3. Induced Ψ FEs in Closed Loops Caused by Changes of the Anglebetween the Normal to the Loop and MF Direction -- A.4. On the Resonance Interaction of Self Electromotive Forces Ψ in ClosedLoops with Ψ Induced by MF of Natural and Man-Made Origin -- Acknowledgments -- References -- MARGINAL COST PRICING OF NOISE IN RAILWAYINFRASTRUCTURE -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Marginal Cost Pricing -- 2.1. Externalities and Economic Efficiency -- 3. Railway Noise and Marginal Noise -- 3.1. Noise from Railway Traffic -- 3.2. Two Examples of Marginal Noise Calculation -- 4. Preference Elicitation -- 4.1. Evaluation of Noise -- 4.2. Benefit Transfer -- 4.3. Future Evaluation -- 5. Noise and Marginal Costs -- 5.1. Marginal Noise Cost -- 5.2. Marginal Cost and Infrastructure Charge -- 5.3. Impact Pathway Approach -- 6. Suggestions for a Charging Model -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- PLANNERS, COGNITION AND THE ROUTE TOWARDSIMPROVED PLANNING SUPPORT: AN EMPIRICALSTUDY INTO THE USE OF APS'S IN THENETHERLANDS RAILWAYS -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Problem Description -- 3. Perspectives in (Advanced) Planning Systems: A RestrictedLiterature Review -- 4. Experimental Design -- 4.1. Research Design -- 4.2. Subjects -- 4.3. Procedure -- 4.4. Assignments: The Problems the Planners Solved -- 5. Results -- 5.1. Simple Problem -- 5.2. Complex Problem -- 5.3. Comparison of Simple and Complex Task (N = 2) -- 5.4. Discussion -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- REMAINING FATIGUE LIFE ESTIMATIONOF EXISTING RAILWAY BRIDGES -- Abstract.

1. Introduction -- 2. Available Method -- 2.1. Stress Evaluation -- 2.2. Determination of Fatigue Curve -- 2.3. Fatigue Life Estimation -- 3. Deficiencies of the Current Method -- 4. Introduction to a New Method -- 5. Proposed Remaining Fatigue Life Estimation Method -- 5.1. Stress Histories Prediction Method -- 5.2. Fatigue Criterion: New Damage Indicator-Based Sequential Law -- 5.3. Fully Known Fatigue Curve Prediction Method -- 5.4. Extension of Sequential Law for Multiaxial Fatigue -- 6. Experimental Varifications -- 6.1. Verification of Damage Behavior -- 6.2. Verification of Extension of Sequential Law for Multiaxial Fatigue -- 7. Bridge Description and Prediction of Stress histories -- 7.1. Condition Survey -- 7.2. Material Testing -- 7.3. Field load Testing -- 7.4. Development of Validated Analytical Model -- 7.5. Past and Future Stress Histories -- 8. Remaining Fatigue Life Estimation Based on Primary Stresses -- 8.1. Determination of Stress Ranges -- 8.2. Determination of Wöhler Curve -- 8.3. Application of Sequential Law -- 9. Remaining Fatigue Life Estimation Based on Secondary Stresses -- 9.1. Considered Riveted Connection -- 9.2. Secondary Stress Evaluation -- 9.3. Determination of Wöhler Curve -- 9.4. Fatigue Life Evaluation -- Step 1: -- Step 2: -- Step 3: -- 10. Comparisions and Discussion -- 11. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIESFOR STEEL RAILWAY BRIDGES:A CASE STUDY FROM VIETNAM -- Abstract -- Introduction -- A. Brief History of Railway Bridges in Vietnam -- Current Status of Railway Bridges in Vietnam -- General Physical and Serviceable Conditions -- Bridge Administration -- Bridge Maintenance Practice -- Bridge Management Practice -- Major Problems on Steel Railway Bridges in Vietnam -- Maintenance Strategies for Steel Railway Bridges in Vietnam -- Essential Maintenance Strategies.

Site Maintenance -- Priority Maintenance Method -- Establishing of Appropriate Inspection System -- Health Monitoring System -- Preventive Maintenance Strategies -- Early Maintenance -- Appropriation of Standards and Specifications -- Involvement of Maintenance Agencies in the Creation Stages of Bridges -- Bridge Maintenance Management System -- Conclusions -- References -- NOISE AND VIBRATIONS OF RAILWAY WHEELS:GENERATION MECHANISMS AND ATTENUATION -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Railway Noise -- 2. Wheel Dynamics -- 2.1. Wheel Sound Emission -- 3. Noise Generation Mechanisms -- 3.1. Rolling Noise -- 3.2. Squeal Noise -- 3.3. Impact Noise -- 4. Investigation of Different Railway Wheels -- 4.1. Solid Wheel -- 4.2. Solid Wheel with Viscoelastic Layers -- 4.3. Resilient Wheel -- 5. Wheel-Rail Contact -- 6. Effect of Wheel Rotation -- 7. Rolling Noise under Operating Conditions -- 8. Railway Wheel Noise Attenuation -- 8.1. Passive Systems for Wheels -- 8.1.1. Damping Treatment -- 8.1.2. Wheel Shape Optimisation -- 8.1.3. Resilient Wheel -- 8.1.4. Reduced Wheel Radiation -- 8.2. Passive Systems for Tracks -- 8.2.1. Rail Pad Stiffness -- 8.2.2. Damping Treatments -- 8.3. Active Systems -- 9. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- TRAIN WHEEL DETECTION SYSTEMS: PRESENTTECHNOLOGIES AND FUTURE TRENDS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Railways at Present -- Signalling Systems -- Wheel Detectors -- Wheel Detectors - General -- Main Features -- Constructive and Normative Requirements -- Problems Associated with Wheel Detectors -- Magnetic-Type Detectors -- RLC Sensors -- Variable Reluctance Sensors -- Sensors Based on Tx/Rx Coils -- Fiber Optic Detectors -- Other Detectors -- Signal Processing Applied to Wheel Train Detectors -- Future Trends -- Conclusion -- References -- TRACK STIFFNESS CONSIDERATIONS FOR HIGHSPEED RAILWAY LINES -- Abstract.

Introduction.