Extraction Of Organic Analytes From Foods -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Methodology and Proximate Analysis -- 1 Extraction of Organic Analytes -- Opening Statement -- Food Sample for Analysis -- Analysis of Foods -- Stages in Food Analysis -- 2 Sampling -- Introduction -- Standardisation and Validation of Methods -- Remote Sampling -- 3 Preparation for Extraction (Resumé of Extraction Aids) -- Introduction -- Change of Volume -- Change of pH -- Change of Structure (Cell Disruption) -- Change of State -- Change of Chemical Composition -- Flow Switching and Automation -- 4 General Approach to the Extraction of Analytes -- Phase Separation -- Consider the Resolution of the Total Assay -- Special Case of Labile Samples -- Classification of Plant Crops for Extraction -- Classification of Foods for Pesticide Analysis -- 5 Resumé of Extraction Methods -- Introduction -- Partition (Chapter 3) -- Solvation (Chapter 4) -- Distillation (Chapter 5) -- Adsorption (Chapter 6) -- Diffusion (Chapter 7) -- 6 Proximate Analysis of the Major Food Components -- Introduction -- Water Content - Direct Methods -- Water Content - Indirect Methods -- Total Solid -- Total Lipid -- Total Protein -- Total Carbohydrate -- Automation and Multicomponent Analysis -- 7 References -- Chapter 2 Sample Preparation for Extraction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Change of Volume -- Dilution -- Evaporation -- Condensation -- 3 Change of pH -- pH Measurement -- 4 Change of Structure -- Ultrasound -- Microwaves -- Divide into Parts -- Lysis -- Homogenise -- 5 Change of State -- Vaporise (Volatilise) -- Dissolve or Liquify -- Slurry -- Solidify -- Precipitate -- Coagulate -- 6 Change of Chemical Composition -- React -- Defat -- Dehydrate or Lyophilise -- Inactivate -- Deproteinise -- 7 Automation and Miniaturisation -- Flow Switching of Flowing Food Matrices.

Automation of the GC Injection -- Automation of Coupled Sample Preparation and Separation -- "Extractionless Techniques" -- μ-TAS -- 8 References -- Chapter 3 Partition -- 1 Introduction and Nomenclature -- Partition Equilibrium -- Partition-extraction of Food Samples -- Solvent and Solid-Phase Extraction -- 2 Gas/Liquid Partition (GLP) -- Introduction -- Air/water Partition Constants (KA/W) -- Water/air/water Partition in Microdiffusion Extraction -- 3 Liquid/Liquid Partition (LLP) -- Organic Solvent/water Partition Constant -- Oil/water Partition Constants -- 4 Solid/Liquid Partition (SLP) -- Introduction -- Solid/liquid Partition Constants -- 5 Applications of Partition-Extraction -- Liquid/liquid Partitioning of Liquid Foods -- Solid/liquid and Liquid/liquid Partitioning of Liquid Foods -- Multiple Liquid/liquid Partitioning of Liquid Foods -- Liquid/liquid Partitioning of Liquid and SolidFoods -- Liquid/liquid Partitioning of Solid Food Samples -- Liquid/solid/liquid Partitioning of Solid Foods -- Sodium Sulphate Drying in Liquid/liquid Partitioning -- 6 References -- Chapter 4 Solvation -- 1 Introduction -- Solvent Extraction -- Matrix Solid phase Dispersion -- Subcritical Fluid Extraction -- Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- 2 Solvent Extraction -- Liquid/liquid Extraction -- Solid/liquid Extraction -- Multiple Liquid/liquid Extractions -- Countercurrent Distribution -- 3 Matrix Solid-phase Dispersion -- Introduction -- Development -- Applications -- MSPD in Combination with Other Extraction Methods -- 4 Sub-critical Fluid Extractions -- Pressurised Liquid Extraction (PLE) -- Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE) -- MSPD Cleanup for Combined SWE and SPME -- Pressurised Hot-water Extraction -- Comparison of PLE and SWE with the Soxhlet Method -- 5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- Developments -- Applications.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction Method Compared to Others -- Supercritical Fluid Chromatography -- 6 References -- Chapter 5 Distillation -- 1 Introduction -- Vapour Pressure of Binary Solutions and Raoult's Law -- Vapour-liquid Equilibria of Fatty Systems -- Vapour Pressures and GC Retention Data -- Cooking, Distillation and Recovery of Volatiles -- Reflux Mode Distillation -- Fractional Reflux/Retort Distillation -- Retort Mode Distillation -- Distillation Processes -- 2 Steam Distillation -- Introduction -- Essential Oils -- Taints and Off-flavours -- Volatiles - Flavour and Aroma Compounds -- Fumigants -- Sulphites -- Miscellaneous -- Combination of Steam Distillation and SPME -- Comparison of Steam Distillation to Solvent Extraction -- 3 Organic Solvent Distillation-Extraction -- Introduction -- Continuous Extraction -- Intermittent (Soxhlet) Extraction -- Dean and Stark Extractor -- Mineral Oil Distillation -- 4 Simultaneous Steam Distillation-Extraction -- Introduction -- Likens and Nickerson SDE Method -- Vacuum Carbon Dioxide Distillation -- 5 Sweep Co-distillation -- Introduction -- Development -- Applications -- 6 References -- Chapter 6 Adsorption -- 1 Introduction and History -- Food Colours -- Food Flavours -- Restricted Access Media -- Cyclodextrin Extractions -- Sol-gel Technology -- Popularity Surveys of Adsorption Methods -- 2 Solid-phase Extraction -- Introduction -- Cartridge and Adsorbents -- Adsorption processes -- Applications -- Developments -- 3 Solid-phase Microextraction (SPME) -- Introduction -- Practical Aspects -- Background Literature Review -- Theoretical Aspects -- Development -- Applications for GC and GC-MS Analysis -- Gas/liquid Partition Constants from SPME-GC-MS Data -- Measurement of Oil/water Partition Constants -- Partition Constants Correlated with Kováts' Index -- Case Study 1. Selective Extraction.

Case Study 2. Isothiocyanate and Nitrile Extraction Methods -- Comparison of SPME with Other Extraction Methods -- Recent Progress in SPME Technology -- Thin Film Microextraction -- Multiple SPME -- 4 High Concentration Capacity Extractions -- Stir-bar Sorptive Extraction -- Solid-Phase Dynamic Extraction -- 5 References -- Chapter 7 Diffusion -- 1 Introduction -- Migration (Diffusion/Equilibrium) of Volatiles -- Use of Membranes in Food Technology -- Transport Theory -- Analytical Extractions using Membranes -- Membranes as Couplers for Preparation and Separation Stages -- 2 Microporous Membrane Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- Application of Membrane-based Solvent Extraction in the Food Industry -- 3 Membrane-assisted Solvent Extraction -- Introduction -- For Triazines -- Application to PCBs in Wine and Apple Juice -- 4 Sorbent Impregnated Membranes -- 5 Supported Liquid Membrane Extraction (SLME) -- Planar Supported Liquid Membrane -- Hollow Fibre Supported Liquid Membrane -- SLME and Enzyme-catalysed Reactions -- Immuno-SLME -- Applications -- 6 Pervaporation -- Principles -- Development -- Applications -- 7 Dialysis -- Introduction -- Development -- Applications -- Electrodialysis -- Microdialysis -- 8 Filtration -- Increasing the Area of Filtration -- Decreasing the Concentration Polarisation Layer -- 9 References -- Chapter 8 Conclusion -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Recent Reviews -- Introduction -- Preparation Techniques -- Extraction Techniques -- Combining Extraction and Preparation Techniques with Capillary Electrophoresis -- The Extraction of Chemical and Generic Classes of Compounds -- Automated Preparation and Extraction Methods -- Automated Preparation, Extraction and Separation Methods -- 3 Recent Developments -- Acrylamide Analysis -- Extracting Syringe Method -- Automation -- Field Flow Fractionation -- Molecularly-imprinted Polymers.

MSPD for PCBs in Fat -- Pittsburgh Conference 2003 -- Scavenger Extractors -- Food Sensor Network -- Sulphite Measurement -- Report on HTC-8 -- Training for Collaborative Studies -- Application of SDME -- 4 Concluding Statement -- 5 Further Reading -- 6 References -- Appendices -- 1 Comparisons of Extraction Methods -- 2 Combinations of Preparation/Extraction Methods -- 3 Interlaboratory Collaborative Trials -- 4 Examples of Preparation and Extraction Schemes -- 5 Literature Examples of Soxhlet Extractions -- Subject Indices -- 1 General Index -- 2 Commodity/Extraction Method/Analyte -- 3 Extraction Method/Analyte/Commodity -- 4 Analyte/Extraction Method/Commodity -- 5 Chemical Class/Extraction Method/Commodity -- 6 Utility/Extraction Method/Commodity.