Front cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Light Waves -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS -- 1.3 THE WAVE EQUATION -- 1.3.1 Plane Wave Solution -- 1.3.2 Spherical and Cylindrical Wave Solutions -- 1.3.3 Beam-Like Solutions -- 1.4 HOMOGENEOUS AND INHOMOGENEOUS WAVES -- 1.5 ENERGY DENSITY AND POYNTING VECTOR -- 1.6 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS -- 1.6.1 Continuity of the Normal Components -- 1.6.2 Continuity of the Tangential Components -- 1.7 REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT A BOUNDARY -- 1.7.1 External Reflections -- 1.7.1.1 Brewster Angle -- 1.7.2 Reflectance and Transmittance -- 1.7.3 Internal Reflections -- 1.7.3.1 Fresnel Rhomb -- 1.7.4 Frustrated Total Internal Reflection -- 1.7.5 Reflection from a Metallic Surface -- 1.8 PASSAGE OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM -- 1.9 DISPERSION -- 1.9.1 Dispersion in Dilute Gases -- 1.9.2 Dispersion in Dense Media -- 1.9.3 Group and Signal Velocities -- 1.10 PROPAGATION OF LIGHT IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA -- 1.10.1 Fresnel Equation -- 1.10.2 Geometrical Constructions -- 1.10.2.1 Index Ellipsoid -- 1.10.2.2 Normal Surface -- 1.10.3 Uniaxial Crystals -- 1.10.4 Biaxial Crystals -- 1.10.5 Double Refraction -- 1.10.6 Polarizing Prisms -- 1.11 REFERENCES -- 1.12 PROBLEMS -- 2 Coherence of Light Waves -- 2.1 POLYCHROMATIC LIGHT -- 2.1.1 Quasi-monochromatic Light -- 2.2 PARTIALLY COHERENT LIGHT -- 2.2.1 Spatial and Temporal Coherence -- 2.3 COMPLEX COHERENCE FUNCTIONS -- 2.3.1 Stationary and Time-Averaged Fields -- 2.3.2 Intensity of Polychromatic Light -- 2.4 SELF COHERENCE -- 2.4.1 Complex Degree of Self Coherence -- 2.4.2 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy -- 2.5 MUTUAL COHERENCE -- 2.5.1 Complex Degree of Mutual Coherence -- 2.5.2 Coherence of Light from an Extended Source -- 2.5.3 Michelson Stellar Interferometer -- 2.6 VAN CITTERT-ZERNIKE THEOREM.

2.6.1 Incoherent Quasi-monochromatic Source of Circular Cross-Section -- 2.6.2 Area of Coherence -- 2.7 INTENSITY CORRELATIONS -- 2.7.1 Hanbury Brown and Twiss Experiment -- 2.7.2 Photon Statistics -- 2.8 REFERENCES -- 2.9 PROBLEMS -- 3 Polarization of Light Waves -- 3.1 STATES OF POLARIZATION -- 3.1.1 Linear Polarization -- 3.1.2 Elliptical and Circular Polarizations -- 3.1.3 Helicity of Light Waves -- 3.2 THE POLARIZATION ELLIPSE -- 3.3 MATRIX REPRESENTATION OF POLARIZATION STATES -- 3.3.1 The Jones Vectors -- 3.3.1.1 Linearly Polarized Light -- 3.3.1.2 Circularly Polarized Light -- 3.3.1.3 Elliptically Polarized Light -- 3.3.1.4 Orthogonality of Jones Vectors -- 3.3.2 Jones Matrices for Linear Optical Devices -- 3.3.2.1 Linear Polarizers -- 3.3.2.2 Phase Retarders -- 3.3.2.3 Quarter-Wave Plate -- 3.3.2.4 Half-Wave Plate -- 3.4 THE STOKES PARAMETERS -- 3.4.1 Monochromatic Light -- 3.4.2 Quasi-monochromatic Light -- 3.4.3 Completely Unpolarized Light -- 3.4.4 Mixture of Mutually Incoherent Light Fields -- 3.4.5 Geometrical Interpretation of Stokes Parameters -- 3.5 THE POINCARÉ SPHERE -- 3.6 MUELLER MATRICES -- 3.6.1 Linear Polarizer -- 3.6.2 Phase Retarder -- 3.7 THE COHERENCY MATRIX -- 3.8 PANCHARATNAM THEOREM -- 3.9 REFERENCES -- 3.10 PROBLEMS -- 4 Geometrical Optics -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.1.1 Paraxial Approximation -- 4.2 RAY MATRIX APPROACH TO GAUSSIAN OPTICS -- 4.2.1 The Lens Matrix -- 4.2.2 Cardinal Points of a Lens -- 4.2.3 Ray Transformation between Principal Planes -- 4.2.4 Ray Matrix for Image Formation -- 4.2.4.1 Object-Image Distance Relation -- 4.2.5 Ray Tracing -- 4.2.6 Ray Matrix for Reflection -- 4.3 OPTICAL SYSTEMS -- 4.3.1 Apertures and Stops -- 4.3.2 Single Lens Magnifier -- 4.3.3 Single Lens Camera -- 4.3.4 Two-Lens Optical Systems -- 4.3.5 The Microscope -- 4.3.6 The Telescope -- 4.3.7 Telephoto Lens.

4.4 OPTICS OF A LASER CAVITY -- 4.5 OPTICS OF THE HUMAN EYE -- 4.5.1 Defects of the Human Eye -- 4.6 CYLINDRICAL LENS -- 4.7 REFERENCES -- 4.8 PROBLEMS -- 5 Lens Aberrations -- 5.1 STIGMATIC IMAGE -- 5.2 APLANATIC POINTS -- 5.3 IMAGE FORMATION WITH NON-PARAXIAL RAYS -- 5.3.1 Tangential and Sagittal Planes -- 5.4 WAVEFRONT ABERRATION FUNCTION -- 5.4.1 Ray Deviations -- 5.4.2 Focusing Errors -- 5.5 PRIMARY ABERRATIONS -- 5.5.1 Spherical Aberration -- 5.5.1.1 Spherical Aberration of a Thin Lens -- 5.5.2 Coma -- 5.5.2.1 The Sine Condition -- 5.5.3 Astigmatism -- 5.5.4 Field Curvature -- 5.5.5 Distortion -- 5.6 CHROMATIC ABERRATION -- 5.7 REFERENCES -- 5.8 PROBLEMS -- 6 Interference of Light Waves -- 6.1 INTERFERENCE -- 6.2 TWO-WAVE INTERFERENCE -- 6.2.1 Interference by Division of Wavefront -- 6.2.2 Interference by Division of Amplitude -- 6.2.3 Testing Flatness of Surfaces -- 6.3 INTERFERENCE WITH EXTENDED SOURCES -- 6.3.1 Haidinger Fringes -- 6.3.2 Fizeau Fringes -- 6.3.3 Newton's Rings -- 6.3.4 Straight Fringes -- 6.4 TWO-WAVE INTERFEROMETERS -- 6.4.1 Michelson Interferometer -- 6.4.1.1 Alignment of the Michelson Interferometer -- 6.4.1.2 White Light Fringes -- 6.4.1.3 Calibration of the Standard Meter -- 6.4.2 Twyman-Green Interferometer -- 6.4.3 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer -- 6.4.4 Sagnac Interferometer -- 6.5 MULTI-WAVE INTERFERENCE -- 6.5.1 Intensity Distribution in Multi-wave Interference -- 6.6 FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETER -- 6.6.1 Widths of Transmission Peaks -- 6.6.2 Fabry-Perot Interferometer as a Spectrometer -- 6.6.3 Free Spectral Range -- 6.6.4 Spectral Resolution -- 6.6.4.1 Fabry-Perot Interferometer as an Optical Filter -- 6.7 LUMMER-GEHRCKE PLATE -- 6.8 THIN OPTICAL COATINGS -- 6.8.1 Single Layer Optical Coatings -- 6.8.2 Multi-layer Optical Coatings -- 6.8.2.1 Extension to Multi-layer Coatings -- 6.8.3 Anti-Reflection Coatings.

6.8.4 High Reflectance Coatings -- 6.8.5 Narrow Band Interference Filters -- 6.9 REFERENCES -- 6.10 PROBLEMS -- 7 Diffraction of Light -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 HUYGENS' PRINCIPLE -- 7.3 HUYGENS-FRESNEL THEORY -- 7.4 KIRCHHOFF'S DIFFRACTION THEORY -- 7.4.1 Kirchhoff's Boundary Conditions -- 7.4.2 Fresnel-Kirchhoff Diffraction Formula -- 7.5 REGIMES OF DIFFRACTION -- 7.6 BABINET'S PRINCIPLE -- 7.7 REFERENCES -- 7.8 PROBLEMS -- 8 Fresnel Diffraction -- 8.1 NEAR-FIELD DIFFRACTION -- 8.2 RECTANGULAR APERTURE -- 8.2.1 The Cornu Spiral -- 8.2.2 Narrow Slit -- 8.2.2.1 Intensity Variations in the Geometrically Bright Region -- 8.2.3 Straight Edge -- 8.2.4 Rectangular Obstacle -- 8.3 CIRCULAR APERTURE -- 8.3.1 Irradiance at Off-Axial Points -- 8.3.2 The Arago Bright Spot -- 8.4 THE ZONE PLATE -- 8.5 PIN-HOLE CAMERA -- 8.6 REFERENCES -- 8.7 PROBLEMS -- 9 The Fourier Transform -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 THE FOURIER SERIES -- 9.2.1 The Rectangle Wave -- 9.3 FOURIER TRANSFORMS IN ONE DIMENSION -- 9.3.1 Fourier Transforms of Simple Functions -- 9.3.1.1 Rectangle Function -- 9.3.1.2 The Dirac delta Function -- 9.3.1.3 Damped Oscillator -- 9.3.1.4 Truncated Oscillator -- 9.4 FOURIER TRANSFORMS IN TWO DIMENSIONS -- 9.4.1 Properties of the Fourier Transforms -- 9.4.1.1 Symmetry Properties -- 9.4.1.2 Scaling Property -- 9.4.1.3 Shifting Property -- 9.4.1.4 Linearity Property -- 9.4.1.5 Parseval's Theorem -- 9.5 CONVOLUTION OPERATION -- 9.5.1 Convolution as the Area of Products -- 9.5.2 Convolution and Impulse Response -- 9.5.3 Convolution Theorems -- 9.6 CONVOLUTION OF DISCRETE FUNCTIONS -- 9.7 CORRELATION OF FUNCTIONS -- 9.7.1 Correlation Theorems -- 9.7.2 The Wiener-Khinchin Theorem -- 9.8 REFERENCES -- 9.9 PROBLEMS -- 10 Fraunhofer Diffraction -- 10.1 FAR-FIELD DIFFRACTION -- 10.1.1 Fourier Decomposition of Aperture Function -- 10.1.2 Diffraction with a Lens.

10.2 DIFFRACTING APERTURES -- 10.2.1 Rectangular Aperture -- 10.2.2 Infinitely Long Slit -- 10.2.3 Circular Aperture -- 10.3 APODIZATION -- 10.4 THE ARRAY THEOREM -- 10.4.1 Two-Slit Aperture -- 10.4.2 Three-Slit Aperture -- 10.5 THE DIFFRACTION GRATING -- 10.5.1 Grating Dispersion -- 10.5.2 Blazed Grating -- 10.5.3 Resolving Power of a Grating -- 10.5.4 Free Spectral Range -- 10.6 IRREGULARLY POSITIONED APERTURES -- 10.7 SINUSOIDAL GRATING -- 10.8 TWO PIN-HOLES -- 10.9 REFERENCES -- 10.10 PROBLEMS -- 11 Image Formation and Optical Processing -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 DIFFRACTION THEORY OF IMAGE FORMATION -- 11.2.1 Image Formation with one Lens -- 11.2.1.1 Lens of Large Aperture -- 11.2.1.2 Lens of Finite Aperture -- 11.2.1.3 Coherent Impulse Response Function -- 11.2.2 Image Formation with Two Lenses -- 11.3 COHERENT IMAGE PROCESSING -- 11.3.1 Spatial Frequency Filtering -- 11.3.1.1 Low Pass Filter to remove Laser Beam Distortion -- 11.3.1.2 High Pass Filter for Dark Ground Imaging -- 11.3.2 Filters for Imaging Phase Objects -- 11.3.3 Complex Filter -- 11.3.4 Matched Filter -- 11.4 COHERENT OPTICAL PROCESSING -- 11.5 INCOHERENT IMAGE FORMATION -- 11.6 INCOHERENT OPTICAL PROCESSING -- 11.7 RESOLVING POWER OF IMAGE FORMING SYSTEMS -- 11.7.1 Incoherent Object Illumination -- 11.7.2 Coherent Object Illumination -- 11.8 REFERENCES -- 11.9 PROBLEMS -- 12 Transfer Functions -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 ISOPLANATISM -- 12.3 COHERENT TRANSFER FUNCTION -- 12.4 OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION -- 12.5 OTF OF A DIFFRACTION-LIMITED OPTICAL SYSTEM -- 12.6 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF ABERRATED OPTICAL SYSTEMS -- 12.6.1 OTF of a Defocused Optical System -- 12.7 IMAGING SINUSOIDAL OBJECT MODULATION -- 12.8 MEASUREMENT OF OTF -- 12.9 REFERENCES -- 12.10 PROBLEMS -- 13 Holography -- 13.1 INTRODUCTION -- 13.2 ON-AXIS HOLOGRAPHY -- 13.2.1 Hologram Recording.

13.2.2 Wavefront Reconstruction.