Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Notes on the Contributors -- Preface -- WHY JAPAN? -- JAPANESE ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY AND COMMUNICATIVE PRACTICES -- CULTURAL PSYCHODYNAMICS IN JAPAN -- REFERENCES -- INTRODUCTION Japanese Cultural Psychology and Empathic Understanding -- EXPERIENTIAL APPROACH TO OMOIYARI -- Cultural Common Sense -- Sabotage -- Conflict and Ambivalence -- HYPOTHETICAL AND CORRIGIBLE ANCHOR POINTS -- Markus and Kitayama's Experimental Approach -- Wierzbicka's Cultural Script Approach -- Combating Phenomenal Absolutism -- REFERENCES -- PART I MORAL SCRIPTS AND REASONING -- ONE Moral Scripts -- INTRODUCTION -- CONCEPTUAL ISSUES -- STORIES REVEALING MORAL JUDGMENT -- CONTENTS NEEDED FOR A MORAL STORY -- U.S.-JAPAN COMPARISON OF THE TYPE OF REQUESTED INFORMATION -- CHANGES IN MORAL JUDGMENT -- HOW CONTENTS ARE ARRANGED INTO A STORY -- ANALYSIS OF STORY STRUCTURES -- American -- Japanese -- EFFORT AND TIME PERSPECTIVE INTERVIEW -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- TWO Moral Reasoning among Adults -- CHARACTERISTICS OF AMERICAN AND JAPANESE CULTURES -- METHODS -- Moral Judgment Interview Form B Dilemmas Used for Stage Scoring -- The Heinz Dilemma (MJI Form A Dilemma) and Its Situationally Modified Versions -- Stage Scoring -- RESULTS -- Distribution of Subjects in Terms of Stages -- Responses to The Heinz (MJI Form A) Dilemma -- Postconventional Reasoning and Decision Changes by American Subjects -- A#80 (M): Original Situation -- A#13 (F): Situation 2 (negative-negative) -- A#18 (F): Situation 2 (negative-negative) -- Conventional Reasoning and Decision Changes by American Subjects -- A#12 (M): Original Dilemma -- A#12 (M): Original Dilemma -- A#12 (M): Situation 2 (negative-negative) -- A#79 (M): Situation 2 (negative-negative) -- A#90 (M): Original Dilemma -- A#90: Situation 1 (positive-positive).

Postconventional Reasoning and Decision Changes by Japanese Subjects -- A#18 (F): Situation 2 (negative-negative) -- J#17 (F): Second Situation (positive-positive) -- Conventional Reasoning and Decision Changes by Japanese Subjects -- J#34 (M): Original Dilemma -- DISCUSSION -- Universality of Postconventional Stages and Their Distinction from Conventional Stages -- Cultural Differences in Moral Judgment -- J#29 (M): Dilemma IV (Dr.Jefferson's dilemma of mercy killing) -- J#28 (M): Dilemma II or The Louise Dilemma -- J#41 (M): Dilemma IV -- J#25 (F): Dilemma IV -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX -- Moral Judgment Interview Form B Dilemmas -- Moral Judgment Interview Form A Dilemma -- PART II MOTHER AND CHILD AT HOME -- THREE The Maternal Role in Japan -- 1 -- New Notion of Japanese Mothers -- Cultural Values -- The Socioeconomic Conditions -- 2 -- Mother as the Sole Caretaker -- Accepting the Maternal Role -- The Degree of Maternal Commitment -- What Are the Safety Valves? -- 3 -- Is kosodate mama an Urban Middle-class Model? -- Are There Any Working Mothers? -- Is Conflict with the Maternal Role Not Voiced at All? -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- FOUR Japanese Mother-Child Relationships -- CULTURAL MEANINGS OF MOTHER-CHILD RELATIONSHIPS -- PROCEDURE OF OBSERVATION -- SKILLS INVOLVED IN THE SKILL TEACHING EPISODES -- MATERNAL STRATEGIES FOR SKILL ACQUISITION -- Explicit Strategies -- Suggestive Strategies -- Inferred Strategies -- THE MOTHER'S SENSITIVITY TO THE CHILD'S REACTIONS -- The Patient Persuasion for the Child's Spontaneous Compliance -- The Mother's Effort to Avoid Going Against the Child's Will -- THE MOTHERS' BELIEFS ABOUT CHILDREARING -- The Ideal of the Sunao Child -- The Mother's Emphasis on the Emotional Bond -- CONCLUSIONS: SUBTLE NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN MOTHER AND CHILD -- The Mother's Choice of Strategies -- The Mother's Awareness of Her Role.

Implication to Developmental Issues -- REFERENCES -- PART III GROUP LIFE: THE YOUNG CHILD IN PRESCHOOL AND SCHOOL -- FIVE Learning to Become Part of the Group -- METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS -- PROBLEMS IN ADJUSTING TO GOING TO PRESCHOOL -- Unwillingness to Attend Preschool -- Separation Anxiety -- PROBLEMS IN ADJUSTING TO CLASSROOM LIFE -- Overreliance on the Teacher -- Nonparticipation in Group Activities -- Wait Until He Becomes Acclimated -- Learning to Like Preschool -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- SIX Peer Culture and Interaction -- JAPANESE SOCIAL VALUES AND THEIR RELATION TO INTERPERSONAL BEHAVIOR -- EARLY SOCIALIZATION IN THE HOME AND KINDERGARTEN -- DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS -- THEMES OF PLAY AS THE CULTURAL SETTING FOR PEER INTERACTIONS -- Constructive Play as an Index of Creativity and Knowledge-Sharing -- Pretend Play and the Creation of Real and Imaginary Worlds -- Cleanup Activities: Expressions of Mutual Responsibility -- INDIRECT SPEECH PATTERNS AND THEIR FUNCTION IN GROUP INTERACTIONS -- Peer Pressure and Indirection -- HONORIFICS, PERSONAL REFERENCES, AND LEVELS OF LANGUAGE FORMALITY -- Forms of Second-Person Pronoun Address -- Gender and Self-Reference -- Levels of Speech Formality in Social Interactions -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- PART IV ADOLESCENT EXPERIENCE -- SEVEN Beyond Individualism and Sociocentrism -- CONCEPTUAL CONTEXT OF THE INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS SOCIOCENTRISM DEBATE -- THREE JAPANESE ADOLESCENTS' ACCOUNTS -- YUMI -- Zuru-sa ("Two-Facedness") -- Achievement Motivation -- Moral Reasoning -- Conflict between "Real" (Honne) and "Official" (Tatemae) Feelings -- Overcoming the Contradiction -- YASUHIKO -- Developmental Background -- Achievement Motivation -- Being Bullied -- Moral Reasoning -- TAKESHI -- Soccer Club -- Fixing Broken Bathroom Switches.

ONTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE SOCIOCENTRIC AND INDIVIDUALISTIC SELVES -- FINITUDE OF SELF AND OTHER ORIENTATIONS AND THEIR DYNAMIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS -- OVERCOMING THE FINITUDE THROUGH "COURAGE TO BE" -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- EIGHT Returnees to Japan -- KIKOKUSHIJO (JAPANESE STUDENTS RETURNING FROM ABROAD) -- RETURN TO JAPAN AND "REVERSE CULTURE SHOCK" -- READJUSTMENT -- DANTAI ISHIKI: GROUP ORIENTATION AND COLLECTIVE IDENTITY -- SUBJECTS -- SCHOOLS: PRIVATE CHRISTIAN INTERNATIONAL VERSUS NATIONAL PREPARATORY -- SELECTION OF PARTICIPANTS -- BACKGROUND INFORMATION QUESTIONNAIRE -- THE INTERVIEW -- INTERVIEW PROCESS -- DATA ANALYSIS -- RESULTS -- STORIES OF TWO KIKOKUSHIJO -- Asako -- Hiroshi -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- PART V REFLECTIONS -- NINE Children and Families -- REFERENCES -- Index.