Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors. -- Chapter 1: An East Asian Perspective on Religion and Secularism Prasenjit Duara -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: Secularism and Its Limits Ten Chin Liew -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: The Secular State and Its Challenges Michael Heng Siam-Heng -- INTRODUCTION -- SECULARISM AND WESTERN HISTORY -- SUPPORTERS AND CRITICS OF SECULARISM -- THE THIRD WAY - INDIGENOUS SEARCH FOR AN INCLUSIVE NATION -- THE QUESTION OF TRADITION AND CULTURAL HERITAGE -- LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCES OF OTHERS -- TRADITION AND SECULARISM: TOWARDS CULTURAL FERTILIZATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: Rawlsian Liberalism, Secularism, and the Call for Cosmopolitanism Saranindranath Tagore -- I -- II -- III -- IV -- Chapter 5: The Machiavellian Problem and Liberal Secularism Benjamin Wong -- INTRODUCTION -- THE MACHIAVELLIAN PROBLEM -- HOBBES' RESPONSE TO THE MACHIAVELLIAN PROBLEM -- LOCKEAN REFINEMENTS TO HOBBES' RESPONSE TO THE MACHIAVELLIAN PROBLEM -- CONCLUSION: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE NATURE AND LIMITS OF LIBERAL SECULARISM -- Chapter 6: Secularism, Critical Conviction and the 21st Century Project of the European Union: Some Thoughts from Asia Barnard Turner -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7: Secular Religiosity in Chinese Politics: A Confucian Perspective Tan Sor Hoon -- PROVENANCE AND SPREAD OF SECULARISM -- RELIGION AND TODAY'S CHINESE STATE -- RETURNING TO CONFUCIAN ROOTS -- CONFUCIUS' SECULAR RELIGIOSITY: LIFE AS MORAL-RELIGIOUS COMMITMENT -- THE MORAL ROOTS OF POLITICAL LEGITIMACY -- CONFUCIAN MORALISM: ABSOLUTE MORAL AUTHORITY WITHOUT ABSOLUTISM -- Chapter 8: State and Secularism, the French Laïcité System. Anne-Cécile Robert and Henri Peña-Ruiz -- THE FRENCH SYSTEM OF LAICITÉ -- REMARKS AND PERSPECTIVES -- Chapter 9: Secularism and the Constitution: Striking the Right Balance Kevin Y. L. Tan.

INTRODUCTION -- LAW, RELIGION, AND THE MODERN CONSTITUTIONAL STATE -- Secularizing Moves: From Westphalia to the American Revolution -- The Religious Constitution -- The Theocratic Constitution -- THE SECULAR CONSTITUTION AS SUPREME LAW -- CONSTITUTIONALISM IN PLURALIST STATES -- THE LIMITS OF CONSTITUTIONAL ACCOMMODATION -- CHALLENGES TO SECULARIST CONSTITUTIONALISM -- CONCLUSION -- Chapter 10: Secularism and Vaidic Worldview Swami Agnivesh -- Chapter 11: Secularism in India - A Minority Perspective Asghar Ali Engineer -- SECULARISM AND ITS FUTURE -- Chapter 12: The Pakistan Islamic State Project: A Secular Critique Ishtiaq Ahmed -- INTRODUCTION -- The Islamic Political and Cultural Heritage -- Islam in the Indian Subcontinent -- THE THREE STANDPOINTS ON THE STATE IN PAKISTAN -- The Secular Standpoint -- The Moderate Viewpoint -- The Islamist View of the State -- Anti-Ahmadiyya Riots -- General Zia-ul-Haq and Patronage of Islamism -- Oppression of Women -- Oppression of Non-Muslims -- Impetus to Sectarian Violence -- Terrorism in the Name of Jihad -- A SECULAR CRITIQUE -- REFERENCES -- GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS -- Chapter 13: State and Secularism in Bangladesh. Habibul Haque Khondker -- INTRODUCTION -- A BRIEF HISTORY OF SECULARISM -- BACKGROUND OF THE SECULAR/RELIGIOUS DIVIDE: PAKISTAN PERIOD -- SECULARISM IN BANGLADESH -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14: The State, Egyptian Intellectuals, Intolerance and Religious Discourse Mona Abaza -- TRADING WITH TANWIR -- THE SLANDER OF TAHA HUSSEIN -- THE SECULAR CAMP: ( JABER) GABER 'ASFUR -- REFA'AT AL-SA'ID -- NASR HAMID ABU ZAYD -- CONCLUSION -- Chapter 15: Perda, Fatwa and the Challenge to Secular Citizenship in Indonesia Robertus Robet -- INTRODUCTION -- THE BASIS OF SECULAR NATIONALISM IN INDONESIA -- DEBATING PANCASILA: CHARGES AT AND SHIFTS IN THE SECULAR NATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF INDONESIA.

THE SHIFT IN THE DISCOURSE OF CITIZENS IN INDONESIA -- SYARIAH REGIONAL REGULATION: THE REGULATION AND NORMALIZATION OF RELIGIOUS BEINGS -- THE EXPANSION OF FATWA AND THE SHIFT IN CITIZEN IDENTITY -- CONCLUSION: THE FUTURE OF SECULAR CITIZENSHIP -- Chapter 16: Malaysia: Multicultural Society, Islamic State, or What? Johan Saravanamuttu -- INTRODUCTION -- MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY -- ISLAMIZATION AND ITS DISCONTENTS -- A HYBRIDIZED STATE? -- THE IFC CONTROVERSY -- FAITH AND BODY POLITICS: MOORTHY AND LINA JOY -- CONCLUSION: MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY, HYBRIDIZED STATE -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 17: Religious Revival and the Emerging Secularism in China Zhao Litao -- THREE TYPES OF SECULARISM -- DEPARTURE FROM EXTREME SECULARISM -- CONSOLIDATING TRANSITION THROUGH "RULE OF LAW" -- TRANSITION TO A HYBRID FORM OF SECULARISM -- Transition to Modern Secularism? -- Return to Traditional Secularism? -- LOOKING TO THE FUTURE -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 18: State and Religion in Turkey: Which Secularism? Recep ¸Sentürk -- HISTORY OF SECULARIZATION IN TURKEY -- CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES ON LAICISM -- SECULARIST AND RELIGIOUS CRITICS OF AUTHORITARIAN LAICISM -- WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF TURKISH SECULARISM? -- Secularism was Inherited from the Ottoman Empire -- Secularism was Borrowed from Western Europe -- Secularism was Borrowed from Socialist Countries -- PRESENT CLEAVAGE IN TURKISH POLITICS: WHICH SECULARISM? -- CONCLUSION -- Chapter 19: Pragmatic Secularism, Civil Religion, and Political Legitimacy in Singapore Kenneth Paul Tan -- SECULARISM -- PRAGMATISM -- HEGEMONIC NEGOTIATIONS -- CIVIL RELIGION -- REFERENCES -- Index.