Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Part I: Prenatal care and complications of pregnancy -- Part II: Preventing prematurity -- Part III: New findings and long-term evidence on intrauterine growth restriction -- Part IV: Preventing and treating birth defects -- Part V: Linking prenatal care with women's health -- REFERENCES -- Part 1 Prenatal Care and Complications of Pregnancy -- 1 Effect of prenatal care upon medical conditions in pregnancy -- Introduction -- Historical perspective on prenatal care -- The paradigm: maternal juvenile diabetes mellitus -- Pre-pregnancy care -- Care during pregnancy -- Gestational diabetes -- Application of the paradigm to other conditions -- Hypertensive disease -- Pre-eclampsia -- Prevention of PIH and pre-eclampsia -- Screening for hypertension in pregnancy -- Management of chronic hypertension -- Management of pre-eclampsia -- Poor fetal growth -- Cardiovascular disease -- Acquired valvular heart disease -- Congenital heart disease -- Ischemic heart disease -- Management of women with heart disease -- Maternal smoking -- Autoimmune diseases -- Myasthenia gravis -- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) -- Antiphospholipid syndrome -- Hematologic disorders -- Hemoglobinopathies -- Disorders of coagulation -- Bleeding -- Thrombosis -- Renal disease -- Neurologic disease -- Liver disease -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 2 Health behaviors during pregnancy: risks and interventions -- Introduction -- Overview -- Summary of behavioral change theories -- Social Learning Theory -- Theory of Reasoned Action -- The Health Belief Model -- Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model -- Self-in-Relation Theory -- Community Health Model -- Current trends in health behavior -- Smoking -- Alcohol consumption -- Drug use -- Exercise -- Nutrition/weight.

Violence -- Sexual activity as it relates to STDs, HIV, and AIDS -- National recommendations for selected health behaviors in pregnancy -- Health behaviors that pose risks in pregnancy -- Specific population groups at risk -- Advice given by professionals regarding health behavior -- A review of literature on health behavior interventions -- Smoking cessation -- Substance abuse -- Alcohol use -- Nutrition -- Exercise -- Sexual activity -- Violence -- Stress/social support -- Social support and psychosocial status -- Conclusion -- Gaps in the current literature -- Recommendations for policy and practice -- REFERENCES -- Part II Preventing Prematurity -- 3 Causes of prematurity -- Introduction -- Concept of ''cause'' applied to preterm delivery -- Sociodemographic patterns -- Socioeconomic status -- Race and ethnicity -- Age -- Marital status -- Other markers of risk -- Height -- Prepregnancy weight -- Parity -- History of adverse pregnancy outcomes -- Multiple gestation -- ''Lifestyle'' factors -- Smoking -- Alcohol use -- Illicit drug use -- Caffeine -- Prenatal weight gain -- Sexual intercourse and orgasm -- Stress and pregnancy -- Diet -- Physical exertion -- Occupational and environmental chemical and physical agents -- Genitourinary tract infection -- Bacterial vaginosis -- Chlamydia -- Trichomonas -- Group B streptococcus -- Urinary tract infection -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 4 Interventions to prevent prematurity -- Introduction -- Prematurity rates in the United States -- Strategies to improve the outcome of prematurity -- Indicated preterm birth -- An evaluation of strategies used to reduce spontaneous preterm birth -- Prenatal care -- Risk scoring -- At-risk behavior reduction -- Psychologic interventions -- Early identification of preterm labor -- Nutrition interventions -- Tocolytic drugs -- Bed rest and maternal hydration.

Incompetent cervix and cerclage -- Progestins -- Screening for infection and antibiotic treatment -- Strategies related to preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 5 Long-term outcomes of prematurity -- Introduction -- Developmental processes -- Outcomes -- Specific conditions and diagnoses -- Developmental abnormalities -- Cognitive development -- Physical growth -- Social-emotional development -- Impact of morbidity -- Functional limitations -- Educational resources -- Use of health services -- Family effects -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- Part III New Findings and Long-term Evidence on Intrauterine Growth Restriction -- 6 Causes of intrauterine growth restriction -- Introduction -- Definition of intrauterine growth restriction -- Common pathways to IUGR -- The incidence of IUGR -- The meaning of IUGR -- Determinants of IUGR in various settings -- Nutrition-related causes of IUGR -- Non-nutritional causes of IUGR -- Smoking -- Pregnancy-induced hypertension -- Cocaine -- Targeting nutritional interventions to prevent IUGR -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 7 Impact of prenatal care on intrauterine growth restriction -- Introduction -- Magnitude of the problem of IUGR -- Interventions most likely to reduce morbidity and mortality from IUGR -- Impact of prenatal care on IUGR -- Correct diagnosis of IUGR -- Targeted interventions -- Prevention of IUGR related to maternal risk factors -- Measuring the impact of prenatal care on IUGR in the United States -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 8 Short-and long-term outcomes of intrauterine growth restriction -- Introduction -- IUGR and infant mortality and morbidity -- Current research -- Growth in infancy and childhood -- Neurodevelopmental outcome -- Long-term consequences of IUGR -- IUGR and diabetes/Syndrome X -- IUGR and other diagnoses.

Challenges to the programming theory -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- Part IV Preventing and Treating Birth Defects -- 9 Prevalence and etiology of birth defects -- Introduction -- Defining birth defects -- Determining the frequency of birth defects -- Registry of surveillance programs -- Data sources for registries and surveillance -- Target population and time period of detection -- Geographic/ethnic distribution of birth defects -- Associations with birth defects -- Birth weight -- Twinning -- Gender -- Consanguinity -- Number of birth defects -- Etiology of birth defects -- Chromosomal abnormalities -- Abnormalities of chromosome number -- Abnormalities of chromosome structure -- Single gene disorders -- Multifactorial inheritance -- Teratogens -- Unknown causes -- Trends in birth defect prevention efforts -- Primary prevention -- Secondary prevention -- Maternal serum screening -- Ultrasound -- Amniocentesis -- Tertiary prevention -- Changes over time -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 10 Developing fetal diagnostic technologies -- Introduction -- Technologies -- Imaging -- Technologies that employ the principles of molecular genetics -- Background on cellular and molecular biology -- Techniques for detecting genetic abnormalities -- Use of markers -- Cytogenetics-based tests -- Mutation analysis -- Combining technologies for prenatal diagnosis -- Cystic fibrosis -- Down's syndrome -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 11 Options following the diagnosis of a fetal anomaly -- Introduction -- The development of modern prenatal diagnostic procedures -- Finding an abnormality -- Decisions after the detection of an anomaly -- The decision to terminate for fetal abnormality -- Timing of diagnosis -- Abortion decisions for chromosomal abnormality -- Termination decisions for fetal anatomic abnormalities -- Fetal therapy -- Endoscopic fetal surgery.

Other endoscopic approaches -- Open fetal surgery -- Medical fetal therapies -- Gene therapy -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- Part V Prenatal Care as an Integral Component of Women's Health Care -- 12 Opportunities for improving maternal and infant health through prenatal oral health care -- Introduction -- Oral changes during pregnancy -- Dental plaque -- Periodontal status -- Dental caries -- Maternal periodontal disease and pregnancy outcomes -- Relationships between maternal oral health and infant oral health -- New paradigm for early childhood caries -- Improving maternal and infant health through prenatal care -- Dental care during pregnancy: goals and timing -- Reducing infant health risks through prenatal care -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 13 Family planning: need and opportunities -- Introduction -- Unintended pregnancy -- Definitional and measurement problems -- Magnitude and risk factors -- Consequences of unintended pregnancy -- Interpregnancy intervals -- Definitional and measurement problems -- Magnitude and risk factors -- Consequences -- Opportunities for family planning -- As a component of preconceptional care -- As a component of prenatal care -- As a component of postpartum care -- As a component of well-child supervision -- Barriers to family planning -- Before pregnancy -- During pregnancy -- In the intrapartum period -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 14 Maternal-fetal conflict is not a useful construct -- Introduction -- Maternal conditions/therapies that place the fetus at risk -- Pre-eclampsia -- Epilepsy -- Psychiatric disorders -- Hazardous jobs -- Substance abuse during pregnancy -- Management of pain in labor -- Clinical trials in pregnant women -- Fetal conditions/therapies that place the pregnant woman at risk -- Cesarean section for fetal indications -- Intrauterine fetal surgery.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.