The State versus the Individual -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1. Humanitarian intervention - intervention d'humanité -- 2. Humanitarian intervention in context: a brief commentary on its recent history -- 3. Basic commitments -- 4. On methods: the view of law from nowhere -- 5. On structure -- 1. "HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION NORM IS VALID" - NORM PROPOSITION, VALIDITY AND INTERPRETATION IN LEGAL THEORY -- 1.1. Component parts of the validity argument -- 1.1.1. Norms in a system -- 1.1.2. Specific legal framework of the study -- 1.1.3. Systemic peculiarities -- 1.2. Claim to validity -- 1.2.1. Validity based on acceptance -- 1.2.2. Acceptance as a methodological tool -- 1.3. Legitimacy and validity -- 1.4. Legal community C as a legal phenomenon -- 1.5. Preceding validity: interests for norms and compliance -- 1.6. Summary: a realist positivist's view of legal validity -- 2. COMMON INTEREST AS A BASIS OF LAW -- 2.1. Communitarian trends -- 2.2. Obligations erga omnes -- 2.3. Peremptory norms jus cogens -- 2.4. Community reactions -- 2.4.1. State responsibility -- 2.4.1.1. International crimes and countermeasures (first reading) -- 2.4.1.2. Serious breaches and countermeasures (second reading and final Articles) -- 2.4.2. International crimes: a succinct introduction -- 2.4.3. International crimes: genocide -- 2.4.4. International crimes: violations of international humanitarian law -- 2.5. Conclusion: reconciliation of common interests -- 3. USE OF ARMED FORCE UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER -- 3.1. Introductory remarks on the UN Charter and its interpretation -- 3.1.1. Multilateral treaty of an IGO -- 3.1.2. Charter, Article 103 and other sources of law -- 3.2. The Charter's system for uses of force -- 3.2.1. Specific provisions.

3.2.2. Detailed analysis: a comprehensive ban - false determinacy -- 3.2.3. Detailed analysis: contents of Article 2.4 -- 3.2.3.1. Flexibility of definitions -- 3.2.3.2. Multiplicity of the United Nations' purposes -- 3.2.3.3. Humanitarian intervention and Article 2.4 -- 3.3. Uses of force under the Charter -- 3.3.1. The Security Council and human rights -- 3.3.1.1. Human rights violations as a threat -- 3.3.1.2. A question of interpretation -- 3.3.1.3. Common interest in human rights or security? -- 3.3.2. Regional enforcement in the Charter -- 3.4. Beyond the Charter -- 3.4.1. Regional enforcement beyond the Charter -- 3.4.1.1. A specific example of humanitarian interventions by ECOWAS -- 3.4.1.2. Regional conclusions -- 3.4.2. State unilateralism eroding the use of force - Articles' authority -- 3.4.2.1. Purported humanitarian interventions by States or coalitions of States -- 3.4.2.2. Some thoughts on unilateralism and the Charter -- 3.5. Interim conclusion: validity matrix -- 4. AN EMPIRICAL APPRAISAL OF STATE AND IGO PRACTICE VIS-À-VIS NATO'S ALLIED FORCE OPERATION IN KOSOVO -- Introduction: Auditory and preconditions for humanitarian intervention -- 4.1. Supreme humanitarian emergency in practice -- 4.1.1. Kosovo - arguments in favour of the existence of a supreme humanitarian emergency -- 4.1.2. Ethnic cleansing - arguments determining legitimacy -- 4.1.3. A supreme humanitarian emergency as a precondition -- 4.2. Failure of the peaceful settlement of disputes - Security Council inaction -- 4.2.1. Settlement attempts in the Kosovo crisis -- 4.2.2. Peaceful settlement as a precondition -- 4.3. Other precautionary preconditions -- 4.3.1. Means and methods -- 4.3.2. Success -- 4.3.3. The personality of the intervener -- 4.4. States' and IGOs' rhetoric -- 4.4.1. NATO States -- 4.4.2. Discussions in the Security Council.

4.4.2.1. Meeting of 24 March -- 4.4.2.2. The discussions on the draft and the vote on 26 March -- 4.4.3. Commission on Human Rights, its Sub-Commission, the GA and the SG -- 4.4.4. Extracts from IGOs' rhetoric -- 4.4.5. Opinio doctrinal on Kosovo -- 4.4.6. Conclusions on the NATO intervention as a case of humanitarian intervention -- 5. BEYOND KOSOVO - RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT -- Introduction: Discussion continues -- 5.1. ICISS - Advocating a shift in thinking -- 5.2. R2P and Regional Round Tables in developing countries -- 5.3. A more secure world -- 5.4. In Larger Freedom -- 5.5. R2P at the World Summit 2005 -- 5.6. Reception of the R2P doctrine by States -- 5.7. Other initiatives for the advancement of R2P -- 5.8. Short evaluative conclusions -- 6. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS -- 6.1. Validity matrix of a humanitarian intervention norm -- 6.2. Strategies -- 6.3. A legal basis for humanitarian intervention -- 6.4. Policy recommendations -- 6.4.1. Personality of the decision-maker -- 6.4.2. Why not the Security Council? -- 6.4.3. States' agendas -- 6.4.4. Policy recommendations -- Selected Bibliography -- Index.