EXTREMOPHILES -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction -- 1 MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF EXTREMOPHILES -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Molecular Evolution of Thermophiles -- 1.2.1 Habitat -- 1.2.2 Cellular Organization -- 1.2.3 Genome -- 1.2.4 Proteome -- 1.3 Molecular Evolution of Psychrophiles -- 1.3.1 Habitat -- 1.3.2 Cellular Organization -- 1.3.3 Genome -- 1.3.4 Proteome -- 1.4 Molecular Evolution of Halophiles -- 1.4.1 Habitat -- 1.4.2 Cellular Organization -- 1.4.3 Genome -- 1.4.4 Proteome -- 1.5 Molecular Evolution of Alkaliphiles -- 1.5.1 Habitat -- 1.5.2 Cellular Organization -- 1.5.3 Genome -- 1.5.4 Proteome -- 1.6 Molecular Evolution of Acidophiles -- 1.6.1 Habitat -- 1.6.2 Cellular Organization -- 1.6.3 Genome -- 1.6.4 Proteome -- 1.7 Molecular Evolution of Barophiles -- 1.7.1 Habitat -- 1.7.2 Cellular Organization -- 1.7.3 Genome -- 1.7.4 Proteome -- 1.8 Engineering Extremophiles -- 1.8.1 Microbiology -- 1.8.2 Molecular Biology -- 1.8.3 Bioinformatics -- 1.9 Case Studies -- 1.9.1 Biofuel Production -- 1.9.2 Bioremediation -- 1.9.3 Pesticide Biodegradation -- 1.9.4 Escherichia coli: A Candidate Extremophile -- 1.9.5 Oil-Spill-Cleaning Bacteria -- 1.9.6 Potential Applications and Benefits -- 1.10 Implications of Engineered Extremophiles on Ecology, Environment, and Health -- 1.11 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 2 ATTAINING EXTREMOPHILES AND EXTREMOLYTES: METHODOLOGIES AND LIMITATIONS -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Extremophiles: Types and Diversity -- 2.2.1 Thermophiles -- 2.2.2 Psychrophiles -- 2.2.3 Halophiles -- 2.2.4 Alkaliphiles -- 2.2.5 Acidophiles -- 2.2.6 Barophiles -- 2.3 Extremolytes -- 2.3.1 Production and Purification of Extremolytes -- 2.3.2 Detection, Identification, and Quantification of Extremolytes -- 2.3.3 Limitations -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References.

3 STRATEGIES FOR THE ISOLATION AND CULTIVATION OF HALOPHILIC MICROORGANISMS -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Thalassohaline and Athalassohaline Hypersaline Environments -- 3.3 Case Studies -- 3.3.1 Isolation of Aerobic Chemoheterotrophic Archaea from Solar Salterns -- 3.3.2 Magnesium-Requiring and Magnesium-Tolerant Archaea from the Dead Sea -- 3.3.3 Isolation of Acidophilic Halophilic Archaea -- 3.3.4 Isolation of Unusual Anaerobic Halophiles from Deep-Sea Brines -- 3.3.5 Isolation of Polyextremophilic Anaerobic Halophiles -- 3.3.6 Isolation of Halophilic Microorganisms Associated with Plants and Animals -- 3.3.7 Isolation of Halophilic Archaea from Low-Salt Environments -- 3.4 The Upper Salinity Limits of Different Types of Energy Generation -- 3.5 Final Comments -- References -- 4 HALOPHILIC PROPERTIES AND THEIR MANIPULATION AND APPLICATION -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Industrial Applications of Halophilic Organisms and Their Proteins -- 4.3 Extreme and Moderate Halophiles and Their Proteins -- 4.4 Generation of Low-Salt Stable Extreme-Halophilic Proteins -- 4.5 Interconversion of Halophilic and Nonhalophilic Proteins -- 4.5.1 Dimer-Tetramer Conversion of HaNDK and PaNDK -- 4.5.2 Generation of Halophilic PaNDK -- 4.6 Soluble Expression of Recombinant Proteins -- 4.7 Natively Unfolded Proteins -- 4.8 Organic Solvent Tolerance -- References -- 5 FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS OF HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 General Features -- 5.2.1 Morphology -- 5.2.2 Metabolism -- 5.2.3 Osmoadaptation -- 5.2.4 Natural Habitats -- 5.2.5 Pigments -- 5.2.6 Genetics -- 5.3 Applications of Halophilic Archaea -- 5.3.1 Production of Enzymes -- 5.3.2 Production of Biopolymers -- 5.3.3 Uses in Fermented Foods -- 5.3.4 Uses in Bioremediation and Xenobiotic Degradation -- 5.3.5 Uses in Solar Salt Production.

5.3.6 Carotenoid Derivative Production and Biotechnological Uses -- 5.3.7 Other Applications -- 5.3.8 Applications in Astrobiology-Related Research -- 5.4 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLD-ADAPTED BACTERIA -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Adaptation to Cold Environments -- 6.3 Exopolysaccharides -- 6.4 Lipids -- 6.5 Proteins -- 6.5.1 Stable Proteins at Cold Temperatures -- 6.5.2 Cold-Adapted Enzymes -- 6.6 Biotechnological Applications of Cold-Adapted Enzymes -- 6.6.1 Detergents -- 6.6.2 Food Industry -- 6.6.3 Pharmaceutical Industry -- 6.6.4 Biofuels -- 6.6.5 Molecular Biology -- 6.7 Biodegradation and Bioremediation in Cold Environments -- 6.7.1 Biodegradation of Petroleum -- 6.7.2 Biodegradation of Phenolic Compounds -- 6.7.3 Bioremediation of Radionuclides, Halogenated Organics, and Nitramines -- 6.7.4 Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage -- 6.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Webliography -- 7 ECOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OF EXTREMOPHILIC MICROORGANISMS, PARTICULARLY ANAEROBIC THERMOPHILES -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Thermophiles -- 7.2.1 Thermophilic Anaerobes and Clostridia -- 7.2.2 Ecology of Thermophiles -- 7.2.3 Ecology of Extreme Thermophilic Archaea -- 7.2.4 Ecology of Extreme Thermophilic Bacteria -- 7.2.5 Biotechnology of Thermophiles -- 7.3 Acidophiles -- 7.3.1 Acidophilic Ecosystems -- 7.4 Alkaliphiles -- 7.4.1 Alakalyphilic Ecosystems -- 7.4.2 Biotechnology of Acidophilic and Alkaliphilic Microorganisms -- 7.5 Halophiles -- 7.5.1 NaCl-Enriched Ecosystems -- 7.5.2 Biotechnology of Halophilic Microorganisms -- 7.6 Piezophiles -- 7.6.1 Ecology of Piezophiles -- 7.6.2 Biotechnology of Piezophiles -- References -- 8 THE ROLE OF EXTREMOPHILIC MICROORGANISMS AND THEIR BIOPRODUCTS IN FOOD PROCESSING AND PRODUCTION -- 8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Enzymes from Extremophiles in Food Processing -- 8.2.1 Enzymes from Thermophiles -- 8.2.2 Enzymes from Cold-Adapted Organisms -- 8.2.3 Molecules from Halophiles -- 8.3 Alkaliphiles, Acidophiles, and Piezophiles -- 8.4 Extremophiles in Food Spoilage and Contamination -- 8.4.1 Meat and Fish -- 8.4.2 Milk and Dairy Products -- 8.4.3 Canned and Dried Food -- 8.5 Extremophiles as Pathogens of Food Species -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- 9 EXTREMOPHILES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO BIOFUEL RESEARCH -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Extremophiles and Fuels -- 9.2.1 Thermophiles and Liquid Fuels: Butanol and Ethanol -- 9.2.2 Thermophiles and Gaseous Fuels: Methane and Hydrogen -- 9.2.3 Psychrophiles and Acidophile Whole-Cell Biocatalysts for Fuels -- 9.3 Exploiting Extremophilic Enzymes in Biomass Conversion to Biofuel -- 9.3.1 Lignocellulose: A Recalcitrant but Valuable Biomass Resource -- 9.3.2 Other Polymeric Biomass Resources -- 9.3.3 Enhancing Enzyme Efficiency -- 9.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- 10 SUSTAINABLE ROLE OF THERMOPHILES IN THE SECOND GENERATION OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Thermophilic Cellulases for Deconstruction of the Plant Cell Wall -- 10.2.1 Thermophilic Cellulase Production and Characteristics -- 10.2.2 Alterations in Thermophiles for High-Cellulase Titers -- 10.2.3 β-Glucosidases from Thermophilic Microorganisms -- 10.3 Ethanol Production at Elevated Temperatures -- 10.3.1 Thermotolerant Microorganisms for Ethanol Production -- 10.3.2 Improvements in Thermophilic Ethanol Producers -- 10.3.3 Process Development and Thermophiles -- 10.4 Future Perspectives and Challenges -- 10.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 ECOFRIENDLY ASPECTS OF THE USE OF EXTREMOPHILIC ENZYMES IN TEXTILE SUBSTRATES -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Biopolymeric Fibers.

11.3 Extremophilic Enzymes and Their Use in the Textile Industry -- 11.3.1 Amylases -- 11.3.2 Cellulases -- 11.3.3 Pectinases -- 11.3.4 Catalases -- 11.3.5 Proteases -- 11.3.6 Esterases -- 11.3.7 Laccases -- 11.4 Utilization of Extremophilic Enzymes in Textile Wet Processing -- 11.4.1 Fiber Preparation -- 11.4.2 Fabric Preparation -- 11.4.3 Enzymes in Biopreparation of Textiles -- 11.5 Finishing with Extremophilic Enzymes -- 11.5.1 Biopolishing of Cotton -- 11.5.2 Bio-Denim Washing -- 11.5.3 Biopolishing of Jute -- 11.5.4 Biopolishing of Wool -- 11.5.5 Biopolishing of Silk -- 11.5.6 Biopolishing of Lyocell -- 11.6 Role of Enzymes in Textile After-Care -- 11.7 Role of Enzymes in Effluent Treatment of Textiles -- 11.8 Conclusions -- References -- 12 THE USE OF EXTREMOPHILIC MICROORGANISMS IN THE INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY OF METALS -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Biomining Extremophiles and Their Industrial Applications -- 12.3 Molecular Studies in Acidophilic Biomining Microorganisms -- 12.4 Microbial Resistance to Acid and Metals -- 12.4.1 Acidophilic Bacteria -- 12.4.2 Acidophilic Archaeons -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 BACTERIAL POLYMERS PRODUCED BY EXTREMOPHILES: BIOSYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND APPLICATIONS OF EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 EPS Produced by Extremophilic Bacteria -- 13.3 Examples of Proposed EPS Biosynthesis from Extremophiles -- 13.4 Physicochemical Investigations for Potential Applications -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 14 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES PRODUCED BY MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Chemical Composition and Structure of EPSs -- 14.3 Physical Properties of EPSs -- 14.4 Biological Functions of EPSs -- 14.5 Exopolysaccharides Deriving from Extremophilic Organisms -- 14.6 Clinical Applications of EPSs.

14.7 Exopolysaccharides of Halophilic Microorganisms.