SUBSTRATA VERSUS UNIVERSALS IN CREOLE GENESIS -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Preface -- Table of contents -- Introduction: Problems in the Identification of Substratum Features in the Creole Languages -- Who, What, Where and Why? -- The contributions to this volume -- Synthesis -- REFERENCES -- The Language Bioprogram Hypothesis: Déjà Vu? -- REFERENCES -- Creoles and West African Languages: a Case of Mistaken Identity? -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Bonnet Blanc et Blanc Bonnet: Adjective-Noun Order, Substratum and Language Universals -- 1. The problem and some data -- 2. Adjective order in Tok Pisin -- 3. Substratum vs. other explanations -- 4. Conclusions -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Semantic Transparency as a Factor in Creole Genesis -- NOTE -- REFERENCES -- The Domestic Hypothesis, Diffusion and Componentiality. An Account of Atlantic Anglophone Creole Origins -- 1. Evidence of a pre-1800 anglophone creole on the Coast -- 2. Evidence of long-term British settlement on the Coast -- 3. Evidence of domestic unions between Europeans and Africans -- 4. Emergence of Creole societies -- 5. Role of the grumettoes -- 6. Evidence for the age and provenance of Guinea Coast Creole English -- (1) The nature of the English first heard by Africans -- (2) The linguistic situation in Guinea encountered by the English speakers -- (3) The emergence of creolized English from English and African contact -- (4) Its further modification by second-language speakers -- (5) Its transmission overseas and the development of the Western creoles -- 7. Summary -- WORKS CONSULTED -- Genesisand Development of the Equative Copula in Sranan -- 1. The data -- 2. The pronominal origin of copular da -- 3. The historical development of the equative copula -- 4. Substrata and universals in the differentiation of the equative category -- 5. Summary and conclusion.

NOTES -- APPENDIX: Historical sources used for this study -- REFERENCES -- The Universalistand Substrate Hypotheses Complement One Another -- 1. Why Are We Discussing Only the Universalist and Substrate Hypotheses? -- 2. Some High Marks for the Universalist Hypothesis -- 3. Is the Substrate Hypothesis All Wrong? -- 4. Double Standards regarding Atlantic and Oceanic Pidgins and Creoles? -- 5. Couple of Relevant Miscellanea -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Universals, Substrata and the Indian Ocean Creoles -- 1. Demography and the evolution of Reu and IdF -- 2. Agglutination -- 3. The predicate marker system in IdF and other Creoles -- 4. An example of Indo-Aryan syntactic influence in Mauritian Creole -- 5. Concluding remarks -- NOTES -- ANNEXE 1 -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- DoubleNegationand the Genesis of Afrikaans -- 1. Preliminary considerations -- 2. Afrikaans and other languages once spoken at the Cape -- 2.1. Introductory remarks -- 2.2. Various views on the development of Afrikaans (Hesseling e.a.) -- 2.3. The linguistic situation at the Cape from a historical point of view -- 2.4. Consequences for research -- 3. Double negation in Afrikaans -- 3.1. The problem -- 3.2. Against the dialectal hypothesis -- 3.3. Nie-2 and interference -- 4. Interference and substrate in the Cape Dutch Pidgins -- 4.1. The Cape Dutch Pidgins -- 4.2. Nie-2 and the genesis of Hottentot Dutch -- 4.3. Conclusion -- 5. Negation in the Cape Dutch Pidgins -- 6. Concluding remarks -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- The Genesis of Haitian: Implications of a Comparison of Some Features of the Syntax of Haitian, French, and West African languages -- 1. A comparison -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Lexical properties of verbs -- 1.3. General lexical properties -- 1.4. Complement clauses -- 1.4.1.Modal verbs -- 1.4.2. Raising verbs -- 1.4.3. Control verbs.

1.5. Further distribution of infinitival complements -- 1.6. Other lexical properties -- 2. Discussion -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Substrate Diffusion -- APPENDIX -- REFERENCES -- Relexificationin Creole Genesis Revisited: the Case of Haitian Creole. -- 1. Issues in creole genesis -- 2. The research program -- Hypothesis -- Choice of African languages -- Relexification -- 3. The general structure of Fon and Haitian and the relexification hypothesis -- 3.1. Lexical categories -- 3.2. Order of constituents -- 3.3. Serial constructions -- 4. The semantic, lexical and syntactic properties of NPs in Fon and Haitan -- 4.1. Semantics -- The semantics of personal pronouns -- The semantics of determiners -- The semantics of demonstratives -- 4.2. Word formation rules -- 4.3. Syntactic properties of the categories involved in NP -- Relative clauses -- COMP in relative clauses -- The syntax of determiners -- 5. Is there evidence for an African substratum? -- NOTES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Substratum Influences - Guilty until Proven Innocent -- NOTES -- REFERENCES.