CASE HISTORIES INVIBRATION ANALYSISAND METAL FATIGUEFOR THE PRACTICINGENGINEER -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- Reference -- 2 Basics of Vibration -- 2.1 Spring-Mass Systems and Resonance -- 2.2 Case History: Combining Springs and Masses in a Steam Turbine Problem -- 2.3 Useful Questions to Ask Before Beginning a Vibration Analysis -- 2.4 Linear Spring Constants and Area Moments of Inertia -- 2.5 Vibrating Flat Plates -- 2.6 Two-Degree Tuned Vibration Absorber -- 2.7 Natural Frequencies of Pipes and Beams -- 2.8 Effect of Clearance on the Natural Frequency -- 2.9 Static Deflection and Pendulum Natural Frequency -- 2.10 Coupled Single-Mass Systems -- References -- 3 Vibration-Measuring Methods and Limits -- 3.1 Important Frequencies -- 3.2 Campbell Diagrams -- 3.3 Case History: Systematic Procedure to Identify a Vibration Source -- 3.4 Vibration-Measuring Terms -- 3.5 Cascade Diagram -- 3.6 Shock Pulse Method -- 3.7 Measuring Transducers -- 3.8 Measurements: Time-Based, Bode, and Orbit Plots -- 4 Simple Analytical Examples -- 4.1 Determining Vibration Amplitude -- 4.2 Resonant and Off-Resonant Amplitudes -- 4.3 Case History: Transmitted Force and Isolation of a Roof Fan -- 4.4 Case History: Seal Failure Due to Misalignment of an Agitator Shaft -- 4.5 Case History: Structural Vibration -- 4.6 Case History: Production-Line Grinding Problem -- 4.7 Case History: Vehicle on Springs -- 4.8 Case History: Vibrating Cantilevered Components -- 4.9 Bump Test -- 4.10 Case History: Vibrating Pump Mounted on a Plate Deck -- 4.11 Case History: Misalignment Force -- 4.12 Case History: Vertical Pump Vibrations and Bearing Survival -- 4.13 Case History: Cause of Mysterious Movement on a Centrifuge Deck -- 4.14 Case History: Engine Vibration Monitoring Device -- 4.15 Case History: Natural Frequency of A Midsupport Vertical Mixer.

4.16 Case History: Valve Float Analysis -- References -- 5 Vibration-Based Problems and Their Sources -- 5.1 Fatigue Cracking -- 5.2 Fretting and Wear -- 5.3 Ball and Roller Bearing Failures -- 5.4 Bolt Loosening -- 5.5 Flow-Induced Vibration -- 5.5.1 Case History: Stack Vibration Induced by Wind -- 5.6 Excessive Noise -- 5.7 Pressure Pulsations -- 5.8 Mechanical Seal Chipping and Damage -- 5.9 Surging of Fans and Other Causes of Vibration -- 5.10 Vibration Due to Beats -- 5.11 The Slip-Stick Problem -- 5.12 Drive Belt Vibration -- References -- 6 Causes of Vibrations and Solutions in Machinery -- 6.1 Rotating Imbalance -- 6.1.1 Case History: Motor Imbalance -- 6.2 Causes of Shaft Misalignment -- 6.2.1 Types of Misalignment -- 6.2.2 Thermal Offset -- 6.2.3 Acceptable Coupling Offset and Angular Misalignment -- 6.3 A Problem in Measuring Vibration on Large Machines -- 6.4 Causes of Pump Vibration -- 6.4.1 NPSH Problems and Cavitation -- 6.4.2 Suction Vortex -- 6.4.3 Off Best Efficiency Point -- 6.4.4 Vertical Pump Vibration -- 6.4.5 Pump Vibration Level Guidelines -- 6.5 Other Causes of Motor Vibration -- 6.5.1 Electrical Causes -- 6.5.2 Mechanical Cause -- 6.5.3 Motor Vibration-Level Guidelines -- 6.6 Causes of Gearbox Vibration -- 6.6.1 Cyclic External Reaction Loads -- 6.6.2 Tooth Breakage -- 6.6.3 Gearbox Vibration-Level Guidelines -- 6.6.4 Causes of Cooling Tower Fan System Vibration -- 6.6.5 Complex Gearbox Vibration Spectra -- 6.7 Types of Couplings for Alignment -- References -- 7 Piping Vibration -- 7.1 Types of Piping Vibration Problems -- 7.2 Vibration Screening Charts and Allowable Limits -- 7.3 Case History: Water Hammer and Piping Impacts -- 7.4 Case History: Heat-Exchanger Tube Vibration -- 7.5 Case History: Useful Equations In Solving a Cracked Nozzle -- 7.6 Support and Constraint Considerations in Vibrating Services.

7.7 Case History: Control Valve Trim Causing Piping Vibration -- 7.8 Vibration Observed and Possible Causes -- 7.9 Acoustical Vibration Problems -- 7.9.1 Case History: Compressor Acoustical Vibration Analysis -- 7.9.2 Case History: Tuning Using a Helmholz Resonator -- 7.9.3 Case History: Tuning Using Surge Volume -- 7.10 Two-Phase Flow and Slug Flow -- 7.11 Case History: U-Tube Heat-Exchanger Vibration -- 7.12 Crack Growth in a Flat Plate -- References -- 8 Torsional Vibration -- 8.1 Torsional Vibration Defined -- 8.2 Case History: Torsional Vibration of a Motor-Generator-Blower -- 8.3 Case History: Engine-Gearbox-Pump -- 8.4 Case History: Internal Combustion Engine-Gearbox-Propeller -- 8.5 Case History: Effect of Changing Firing Order On Crankshaft Stress -- 8.6 Case History: Transient Power Surge Motor-Gearbox-Compressor -- 8.7 Case History: Vibratory Torque on the Gear of a Ship System -- 8.8 Torsional Spring Constants and Mass Moments of Inertia -- 8.9 Three-Mass Natural Frequency Simplification -- 8.10 Case History: Torsional Vibration of a Drill String -- 8.11 Case History: Effect of a Suddenly Applied Torsional Load -- 8.12 Sensitivity Analysis of a Two-Mass Torsional System -- 8.13 Case History: Engine Natural Frequency as a Continuous Shaft -- 8.14 Types of Torsionally Soft Couplings -- 8.15 Torsional Vibration Testing -- 8.16 Case History: Out-of-Synchronization Grid Closure -- 8.17 Operating Through a Large Torsional Amplitude -- 8.18 Case History: Engine Mode Shape as a Continuous Shaft -- 8.19 Holzer Method for Calculating Torsional and Linear Multimass Systems -- 8.20 Experimental Determination of Mass Moment of Inertia J -- References -- 9 Turbomachinery Vibration -- 9.1 Unique Vibration Problems of Turbomachinery -- 9.1.1 The Rotor System -- 9.2 Lateral Vibrations of a Simplified System -- 9.2.1 A Simplified Rotor System.

9.2.2 Compressor with High Stiffness Bearings -- 9.2.3 Critical Speed of a Rotor on Spring Supports -- 9.3 Allowable Shaft Displacement Guidelines -- 9.4 Compressor Surge and Rotor Vibration -- 9.5 Rigid and Flexible Rotor Balancing -- 9.6 Case History: Checking the Critical Speed of a Motor Rotor -- 9.7 Case History: Response of a Missing Blade on a Steam Turbine -- 9.8 Case History: Stepped Shaft Into Equivalent Diameter -- 9.9 Case History: Two-Diameter Rotor System -- 9.10 Hydrodynamic Bearing Stiffness -- 9.11 Rotor Dynamics of Pumps -- References -- 10 Very Low Cycle Vibrations and Other Phenomena -- 10.1 Very Low Cycle Vibration Defined -- 10.2 Vessels In High-Cycle Service -- 10.3 Case History: Cracking of a Rotary Dryer -- 10.4 Phantom Failures: Some Failures are Very Elusive -- 10.5 Case History: Troubleshooting Gear Face Damage -- 10.6 Case History: Thermally Bowed Shaft and Vibration -- 10.7 Case History: Effect of Nonlinear Stiffness -- 10.8 Case History: Effect of Clearance on a Vibrating System -- 10.9 Case History: Fatigue Failure of a Crankshaft -- 10.10 Case History: Understanding Slip-Jerk During Slow Roll -- 10.11 Case History: Predicting the Crack Growth on a Machine -- 10.12 Case History: Bolt Loosening on Counterweight Bolts -- 10.13 Case History: Centrifuge Vibration -- 10.14 Case History: Crack Growth In a Gear Tooth -- 10.15 Case History: Vibration of a Rotor In Its Case -- 10.16 Case History: Gearbox Input Shaft Lockup -- 10.17 Case History: Troubleshooting a Roller Bearing Failure -- 10.18 Case History: Using Imprints to Determine Loads -- 10.19 Case History: Extruder BlowBack -- 10.20 Case History: Vibratory and Rotational Wear -- 10.21 Two-Mass System With Known and Unknown Displacement -- 10.22 Case History: Fiberglass Mixing Tank Flexing Vibration -- References -- 11 Vibration Failures.

11.1 Why Things Fail In Vibration -- 11.2 Case History: Spring Failure -- 11.3 Case History: Spline Fretting -- 11.4 Case History: Sheet Metal Vibration Cracking -- 11.5 Case History: Bearing Brinelling and False Brinelling -- 11.6 Case History: Crankshaft Failure -- 11.7 Case History: Brush Holder Wear -- 11.8 Case History: Cracking of a Vibrating Conveyor Structure -- 11.9 Case History: Failure of a Cooling Tower Blade Arm -- 11.10 Case History: Fatigue Failures at High Cyclic Stress Areas -- 11.11 Case History: Fatigue Failure of Shafts -- 11.12 Case History: Failure of a Steam Turbine Blade -- 11.13 Case History: Failure of a Reciprocating Compressor Slipper -- 11.14 Case History: Multiple-Cause Gear Failure -- 11.15 Case History: Loose Bolt Failures -- 11.16 Case History: Piston Failure in a Racing Car -- 11.17 Case History: Stop Holes For Cracks Don't Always Work -- 11.18 Case History: Small Bearing Failure Due To Vibration -- 11.19 Appearance of Fatigue Fracture Surfaces -- References -- 12 Metal Fatigue -- 12.1 Metal Fatigue Defined -- 12.2 Reduction of a Component's Life When Subjected to Excessive Vibration -- 12.3 Case History: Special Case of Fatigue Potential -- 12.4 Metallurgical Examination -- 12.5 Taking Risks and Making High-Level Presentations -- References -- 13 Short History of Vibration -- References -- Index.