Front Cover -- Surgical Research -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Getting Started -- Text -- Chapter 2. Assessing Available Information -- I. Introduction -- II. Sources of Information -- III. Assessing Published Studies: External Measures of Quality -- IV. How to Read and Evaluate Published Studies -- V. Suggestions for the Future -- References -- Chapter 3. Organizing and Preliminary Planning for Surgical Research -- I. Research as the Foundation of an Academic Surgical Career -- II. Research Training -- III. Choosing a Research Mentor -- IV. Choosing a Research Topic -- V. General Preparation -- VI. Experimental Preparation -- VII. Grant Preparation -- References -- Chapter 4. Writing a Protocol: Animals, Humans, and Use of Biologic, Chemical, and Radiologic Agents -- I. Introduction -- II. Research Utilizing Laboratory Animals -- III. Human Subject Research -- IV. Institutional Safety Committees -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 5. Grantsmanship -- I. Introduction -- II. Common Myths, Misconceptions, and Mistruths -- III. Grant Preparation-General Comments -- IV. Grant Preparation-Specific Comments -- V. Other Considerations -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6. Informed Consent and the Protection of Human Research Subjects: Historical Perspectives and Guide to Current United States Regulations -- I. History of Informed Consent -- II. United States Regulations Governing Informed Consent -- III. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7. Animal Care and Maintenance -- I. Introduction -- II. Ethical and Regulatory Overview -- III. Available Resources -- IV. Surgical Facility Design -- V. Anesthesia -- VI. Anesthetic Recommendations by Species -- VII. Analgesia -- VIII. Resources -- References -- Chapter 8. Funding Strategies and Agencies: Academic-Industrial Relationships.

Intellectual Property -- I. Introduction -- II. Academic Agencies -- III. Industry -- IV. State Incubators and Local University Incubators -- V. Intellectual Property -- Chapter 9. Statistical Considerations -- I. Introduction -- II. Hypothesis Testing -- III. Sample Size Calculations -- IV. Summary -- References -- Chapter 10. Use of Nonexperimental Studies to Evaluate Surgical Procedures and Other Interventions: The Challenge of Risk Adjustment -- I. Introduction -- II. Dimensions of Risk -- III. Data Sources -- IV. Multivariate Modeling Framework -- V. Incorporating Risk in Multivariate Models -- VI. Approaches for Improved Estimates of Treatment Effectiveness in Nonexperimental Studies: The Propensity Score and Instrumental Variables -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11. Measuring Surgical Outcomes -- I. Introduction -- II. Generic Measures of Health Status -- III. Specific Measures of Health Status -- IV. Utilities -- V. Patient Satisfaction -- References -- Appendix: The SF-36V2 Health Survey Questionnaire -- Chapter 12. Design of Clinical Trials -- I. Introduction -- II. Hypotheses, Specific Aims, and Endpoints -- III. Patient Eligibility -- IV. Structure of Clinical Trials -- V. Treatment Plan -- VI. Data Collection and Quality Assurance -- VII. Statistical Considerations in the Design of Clinical Trials -- VIII. Informed Consent -- IX. Summary -- References -- Chapter 13. Using Administrative Data for Clinical Research -- I. Introduction -- II. Overview of Administrative Databases Used for Clinical Research -- III. Cautions about Using Administrative Databases for Research -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14. Research in the Intensive Care Unit: Ethical and Methodological Issues -- I. Introduction -- II. Spectrum of Research in the Intensive Care Unit -- III. Site Selection and Investigator Responsibilities.

IV. Ethical Issues -- References -- Chapter 15. Research in the Operating Room -- I. Introduction and Overview -- II. Randomized Controlled Trials in Surgery: Problems and Solutions -- III. Randomized Controlled Trials in Surgery: What Works and Why -- IV. The Operating Room as Laboratory -- V. Technology Assessment -- VI. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16. Effects of Age and Gender -- I. Importance of Age and Gender -- II. Age and Gender as Surrogates -- III. Design Issues for Randomized Controlled Trials -- IV. Design Issues for Observational Studies -- V. Other Issues in Study Design -- VI. Animal Models -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 17. Strategies, Principles, and Techniques Using Transgenic and Knockout Mouse Models -- I. Introduction -- II. Design of Basic Experiments -- III. Design of Advanced Experiments -- IV. Pitfalls in Transgenic and Knockout Experiments -- V. Stepwise Analysis of Genotype, Gene Expression, and Phenotypes in Transgenic and Knockout Mice -- VI. Modification of Phenotype by Genetic Differences in Inbred Strains -- VII. Combinatorial Genetic Manipulations in Mice -- VIII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18. Tissue Culture, Cell Growth, and Analysis -- I. Introduction and Environment -- II. Sterilizing Techniques -- III. Handling of Media and Cells -- IV. Maintaining Frozen Stocks and Record Keeping -- V. Basic Cell Culture -- VI. Primary Cultures -- VII. Contamination and Decontamination -- VIII. Cell Growth Analysis -- IX. Resources -- References -- Chapter 19. Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Basic Concepts and Applications to Surgical Research -- I. Introduction -- II. Historical Review -- III. Hematopoiesis -- IV. Embryonic Stem Cells -- V. Mesenchymal Stem Cells -- VI. In Utero HSC Transplantation -- VII. Stem Cell Transplantation to Induce Tolerance -- VIII. In Vitro Techniques.

IX. In Vivo Techniques -- References -- Chapter 20. Basic Molecular Biological Methods in Surgical Research: Genetic Library Construction, Screening, and DNA Sequencing -- I. Introduction -- II. Genetic Library Construction, Screening, and DNA Sequencing -- III. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 21. Transcription -- I. Introduction -- II. General Aspects of Eukaryotic Transcription -- III. Methods to Identify Gene Expression -- IV. Methods of Identifying Differentially Expressed Genes -- V. Mapping a Eukaryotic Promoter -- VI. Identifying and Cloning Transcription Factors -- References -- Chapter 22. Signal Transduction and Apoptosis -- I. Expression of Signal Transduction Proteins -- II. Interactions between Signal Transduction Proteins -- III. Protein Phosphorylation Plays a Key Role in Enzyme Activity Regulation -- IV. Receptor Agonist and Antagonist with Blockade -- V. Constitutively Active and Dominant Negative Proteins Elucidate the Importance of Signal Transduction Cascades -- VI. Regulation of Signal Transduction Gene Expression -- VII. Signal Transduction and Apoptosis -- VIII. Key Resources -- References -- Chapter 23. Mechanisms and Regulation of Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis -- I. Introduction -- II. Overview of Protein Synthesis -- III. Methods for Studying Protein Synthesis -- References -- Chapter 24. Organelle Studies: Mitochondria, Golgi, and Endoplasmic Reticulum -- I. The Mitochondria -- II. Surgically Relevant Questions -- III. Areas of Surgical Interest: How to Study -- References -- Chapter 25. Membrane Biology and Biophysics -- I. Medical Relevance -- II. Methodology-General Considerations -- III. Methodology-Assessing Membrane Integrity -- IV. Cell Membrane Injury -- V. Sealing of Permeabilized Membranes -- References -- Chapter 26. Molecular Epidemiology: Beyond Gene Discovery to Clinical Diagnostic Tools -- I. Introduction.

II. Utility of Molecular Genetic Testing -- III. State of the Science -- IV. Recommendations to Surgical Investigators -- References -- Chapter 27. Shock Models: Hemorrhage -- I. Introduction -- II. Models of Hemorrhagic Shock -- III. Anesthetized and Unanesthetized Fixed-Volume Bleed-Out Models of Hemorrhage -- IV. Anesthetized and Unanesthetized Fixed-Pressure Models of Hemorrhage -- V. Heparin as a Possible Confounding Variable -- VI. Uncontrolled Hemorrhage Models -- VII. Summary -- VIII. Animal Models -- References -- Chapter 28. Scoring Systems for Trauma Research -- I. Introduction -- II. The Abbreviated Injury Scale and Injury Severity Score -- III. The New Injury Severity Score -- IV. The Abdominal Trauma Index -- V. Organ Injury Scaling -- VI. Multiple Organ Failure Scoring -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 29. Blunt Trauma Models: Fractures, Chest Trauma, Head Injury, Soft-Tissue Trauma, and Abdominal Trauma -- I. Introduction -- II. Blunt Head Injury Models -- III. Blunt Chest Trauma Models -- IV. Blunt Abdominal Trauma Models -- V. Fracture Models -- VI. Soft-Tissue Trauma Modeling -- VII. Mathematical and Inanimate Modeling of Blunt Trauma -- VIII. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 30. Trauma Models for Studying the Influence of Gender and Aging -- I. Introduction -- II. Experimental Trauma Models -- III. Methodology -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 31. Animal Models of Burn Injury -- I. Introduction -- II. Animal Rights Considerations -- III. Methodology -- IV. Large Animals -- V. Small Animals -- VI. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 32. Wound Care Models -- I. Introduction -- II. In Vitro Models of Tissue Repair -- III. Animal Models -- IV. Impaired Healing Models -- V. Transgenic Models -- VI. Tissue Repair Models in Patients -- VII. Conclusion -- References.

Chapter 33. Models of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome-Aspiration.