The Second Fifty Years -- Copyright -- Acknowledgment -- Preface -- Contents -- Summary -- GENERAL ISSUES OF HEALTH PROMOTION AND DISABILITY PREVENTION -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- High Blood Pressure -- Medications -- Infectious Diseases -- Osteoporosis -- Sensory Loss -- Oral Health -- Cancer Screening -- Nutrition -- Smoking -- Depression -- Physical Inactivity -- Social Isolation -- Falls -- 1 Introduction -- REFERENCES -- 2 Disability Classification -- DISABILITY AND THE DISEASE MODEL -- CLASSIFYING DISABILITIES -- REFERENCES -- 3 High Blood Pressure -- BURDEN -- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY -- UTILITY OF SCREENING -- EVIDENCE THAT TREATMENT IS BENEFICIAL -- Evidence That Treatment of Systolic/Diastolic High Blood Pressure Is Beneficial -- Evidence That Treatment of Isolated Systolic High Blood Pressure Is Beneficial -- Impact of Treatment on Cerebrovascular Versus Coronary Heart Disease -- Impact of the Treatment of High Blood Pressure on Total Mortality -- Adverse Effects of Antihypertensive Therapy -- NONPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY -- SUMMARY OF INTERVENTION DATA -- COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT FOR HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN PERSONS OVER 50 -- SUMMARY -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Services -- Clinical -- Research -- Policy -- REFERENCES -- 4 Medications -- BURDEN -- Prevalence -- Costs -- The Impairment/Disability/Handicap Sequence -- PREVENTABILITY OF BURDEN -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Services -- Research -- Education -- Policymakers -- REFERENCES -- 5 Risk Factors for Infection in the Elderly -- PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE -- INFLUENZA -- NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS -- INFECTIONS IN LONG-TERM FACILITIES -- OTHER INFECTIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Services -- Research -- Education -- REFERENCES -- 6 Osteoporosis -- BURDEN OF OSTEOPOROSIS AND FRACTURES -- Morbidity -- Mortality -- Disability -- Costs -- DETERMINANTS OF FRACTURES -- Bone Mass -- Trauma.

PREVENTABILITY OF OSTEOPOROSIS -- Peak Bone Mass -- Hypogonadal Bone Loss -- Age-related Bone Loss -- Secondary Osteoporosis -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Services -- Research -- Education -- Policymakers -- Providers -- The Public -- APPENDIX -- SINGLE-PHOTON ABSORPTIOMETRY -- DUAL-PHOTON ABSORPTIOMETRY -- DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY -- QUANTITATIVE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY -- REFERENCES -- 7 Preventing Disability Related to Sensory Loss in the Older Adult -- DEFINITION AND PREVALENCE -- ETIOLOGIC BREAKDOWN -- Visual Impairments -- Hearing Impairments -- DISABILITIES ASSOCIATED WITH SENSORY LOSS -- APPROACHES TO PREVENTION -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Policymakers and Government Agencies -- Professional Societies -- Clinicians -- REFERENCES -- 8 Oral Health Problems in the "Second Fifty" -- BURDEN -- Perioral Tissue and Oral Mucosal Tissue Pathologies and Oral Cancer -- Caries -- Periodontal Diseases -- Other Oral Conditions -- Tooth Loss -- Oral Expressions of Medications, Systemic Conditions, and Diseases -- Orofacial Pain -- BURDEN PREVENTABILITY -- Prevention of Oral Cancer -- Prevention of Caries -- Prevention of Gingivitis and Periodontitis -- Prevention of Oral Pain -- General Prevention -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Services -- Research -- Public Policy -- Education -- NOTE -- REFERENCES -- 9 Screening for Cancer -- BURDEN -- Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Prevalence -- Impairment, Disability, Handicap, and Costs -- Impairment -- Disability -- Handicap -- PREVENTABILITY OF BURDEN -- Ecologic Considerations -- Female Breast Cancer -- Cancer of the Uterine Cervix -- Cancer of the Colon and Rectum -- Skin Cancer (Including Malignant Melanoma) -- Screening for Other Cancers -- DISCUSSION -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Implementation of Screening -- Research -- Education -- REFERENCES -- 10 Nutrition -- NUTRITION AND QUALITY OF LIFE -- NUTRITION AND FUNCTION.

FUNCTIONAL INDICES OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS -- DIETARY INDICES -- ANTHROPOMETRY -- PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS OF MORBIDITY OR MORTALITY -- NUTRITIONAL RISK SCREENING INDICES -- NUTRITION IN A FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE -- BURDEN -- Prevalence -- Costs -- PREVENTABILITY OF BURDEN -- High Blood Pressure -- Hypercholesterolemia -- Hypertriglyceridemia -- Renal Disease-related Risks -- Diabetes Mellitus -- Weight Reduction -- Physical Activity -- Polypharmacy: Controlling Side Effects -- Nutrition Fraud -- Oral Health -- Nutritional Support: Food Programs -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Services -- Research -- Education -- REFERENCES -- 11 Cigarette Smoking -- PREVALENCE -- BURDEN -- EVIDENCE THAT SMOKING CESSATION IS BENEFICIAL -- SMOKING CESSATION TECHNIQUES -- PASSIVE SMOKING -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Those Over the Age of 50 -- Services -- Public Health and Environmental Policymakers -- Advocacy Groups -- REFERENCES -- 12 Depression -- DEFINITION AND PREVALENCE -- RISK FACTORS -- REMEDIABILITY: OUTCOME OF TREATMENT -- COSTS -- SUICIDE -- REIMBURSEMENT -- RESEARCH AND THE FUTURE -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Services -- Insurance Providers (Governmental and Private) -- Clinicians (Particularly Primary Care Physicians) -- Persons Over the Age of 50 -- Research -- Education -- REFERENCES -- 13 Physical Inactivity -- BURDEN -- Prevalence -- Impairment, Disability, and Handicap -- PREVENTABILITY OF BURDEN: AVAILABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONS -- Individuals -- The Community -- Worksite -- COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Services -- Research -- Education -- Policymakers -- REFERENCES -- 14 Social Isolation Among Older Individuals The Relationship to Mortality and Morbidity -- DEFINITION -- BURDEN -- Prevalence -- Costs -- Impairment, Disability, and Handicap -- PREVENTABILITY OF BURDEN -- Available Interventions -- Effectiveness of Each Intervention.

RECOMMENDATIONS -- Services -- Research -- Education -- Providers -- Families -- The Elderly -- REFERENCES -- 15 Falls in Older Persons Risk Factors and Prevention -- THE HEALTH BURDEN OF FALLS AND FALL-RELATED INJURIES IN OLDER PERSONS -- Mortality -- Fall-related Injuries -- Frequency of Falls -- Disability -- Costs -- DETERMINANTS OF FALLS: RISK FACTORS AND CAUSES -- Intrinsic Risk Factors -- Situational and Extrinsic Risk Factors -- Environmental Factors -- Determinants of Injury and Other Outcomes of Falls -- PREVENTABILITY OF BURDEN -- Exercise and Physical Activity -- Rehabilitative Therapies: Balance and Gait Training -- Medications -- Environmental and Behavioral Interventions -- Frameworks for Multiple Risk Factor Interventions -- Targeting Interventions -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Research -- Education and Services -- Other Areas -- REFERENCES -- A Can Philosophy Cure What Ails the Medical Model? -- CAN THE AMERICAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM COPE WITH SUCCESS? -- CAN PHILOSOPHY CURE OUR AILING HEALTH CARE SYSTEM? -- IF YOU ARE NOT SICK, ARE YOU HEALTHY? -- THE DEFINITION OF DISEASE AND IMPAIRMENT: NORMATIVISM VERSUS NONNORMATIVISM -- OBJECTIVITY AND VALUES IN THE DEFINITION OF HEALTH AND DISEASE -- THE DEMEDICALIZATION OF CHRONIC ILLNESS AND DISABILITY -- THE DEMEDICALIZATION OF HEALTH -- REFERENCES -- B Looking for Order Health Promotion, Disability Prevention, and the Disability Classification System of the World Health... -- THE GOAL OF HEALTH CARE -- THE PHILOSOPHY OF HEALTH CARE -- REFERENCES -- Index.