NUTRITIONAL NEEDS IN HOT ENVIRONMENTS -- Copyright -- Preface -- FOCUS OF THE REPORT -- HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE -- COMMITTEE TASK AND PROCEDURES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Contents -- PART I Committee Summary and Recommendations -- 1 Introduction and Background -- THE COMMITTEE'S TASK -- MILITARY RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES -- History -- Current MRDAs -- PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES ARISING FROM EXERCISE AND HEAT -- Exercise -- Heat Stress -- Gastrointestinal Functioning -- CHANGES IN NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR HOT ENVIRONMENTS -- Fluid and Dehydration -- Effect of Gender -- Effect of Age -- Effect on Electrolyte Balance -- Summary -- Sodium Levels for Work in the Heat -- Macronutrients -- Protein -- Energy -- Vitamins -- B Vitamins -- Vitamin C -- Fat-Soluble Vitamins -- Summary -- Minerals -- Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride -- Iodide, Chromium, and Selenium -- Iron -- Zinc -- Magnesium and Copper -- Calcium and Phosphorus -- Summary -- FACTORS THAT MAY INFLUENCE EATING PATTERNS, FOOD PREFERENCES, ANDFOOD INTAKE IN HOT ENVIRONMENTS -- Olfaction and Taste -- Appetite -- Thermoregulation -- Thermogenic Effect of Food -- Dehydration -- Influence of Physique -- Heat as a Stressor -- Food Preferences in Hot Environments -- Summary -- SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON FOOD INTAKE DURING MILITARY OPERATIONS -- Situational Influences on Food Intake -- Field ObservatiOns of Food Intake -- Environmental Concerns -- Dehydration and Constipation -- Food Preferences -- Social/Psychological Aspects of Eating -- Nutrition Understanding -- Summary -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 2 Conclusions and Recommendations -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- Future Research Needs -- REFERENCES -- PART II INVITED PRESENTATIONS -- 3 Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Heat -- INTRODUCTION.

CORE TEMPERATURE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE -- METABOLISM -- Metabolic Rate -- SKELETAL MUSCLE METABOLISM -- Evaporative Heat Loss -- SKIN BLOOD FLOW AND CIRCULATORY RESPONSES -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 4 Effects of Exercise and Heat on Gastrointestinal Function -- INTRODUCTION -- GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS -- IMPORTANCE OF GI MANIFESTATIONS WITH EXERCISE-HEAT STRESS -- GASTRIC EMPTYING -- INTESTINAL ABSORPTION -- PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- 5 Water Requirements During Exercise in the Heat -- INTRODUCTION -- DISTRIBUTION OF BODY WATER -- AVENUES OF FLUID LOSS AND GAIN -- DETERMINANTS OF SWEAT RATE -- WATER REQUIREMENTS -- Hot-Wet Versus Hot-Dry Environment -- Exercise Intensity and Training -- Heat Acclimatization -- Age and Gender -- Prediction of Water Requirements -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- 6 Energetics and Climate with Emphasis on Heat: A Historical Perspective -- INTRODUCTION -- EARLY APPRAISALS -- ENERGY EXPENDITURE: SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE -- ACCLIMATIZATION/ACCLIMATION -- APPETITE -- RESTING METABOLISM/DIETARY-INDUCED THERMOGENESIS -- DIETARY DEFICIENCIES -- A PERSPECTIVE -- REFERENCES -- 7 The Effect of Exercise and Heat on Mineral Metabolism and Requirements -- INTRODUCTION -- EFFECTS OF EXERCISE AND HEAT ON IODINE, CHROMIUM, AND SELENIUM METABOLISM -- EFFECTS OF EXERCISE AND HEAT ON IRON METABOLISM -- EFFECTS OF EXERCISE AND HEAT ON ZINC METABOLISM -- INFLUENCE OF EXERCISE AND HEAT ON MAGNESIUM METABOLISM -- EFFECTS OF EXERCISE AND HEAT ON COPPER METABOLISM -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- 8 The Effect of Exercise and Heat on Vitamin Requirements -- INTRODUCTION -- WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS -- Thiamin -- Riboflavin -- Niacin -- Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) -- Pantothenic Acid -- Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) -- Folic Acid (Folate) and Biotin -- B Complex Vitamins.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) -- FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS -- Vitamin A -- Vitamin D -- Vitamin E -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- 9 Heat as a Factor in the Perception of Taste, Smell, and Oral Sensation -- INTRODUCTION -- SENSORY EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE -- Taste -- Touch -- Chemical Irritation -- Smell (Olfaction) -- PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE -- SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- 10 Effects of Heat on Appetite -- INTRODUCTION -- ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE, EATING, AND THERMOREGULATION -- EFFECTS OF EATING ON THERMOREGULATION -- Climatic Adaptation -- Physique -- Adaptation to Heat or Cold? -- It's Not the Heat, It's the Humidity -- Gender Differences -- Stress -- Activity -- Food Temperature -- Type of Food -- EFFECTS OF HEAT ON APPETITE -- Effects of Environmental Temperature Variations on Amount Eaten -- Acute Variations -- Humans -- Nonhumans -- Seasonal Effects -- Fever -- Food Temperature -- Humans -- Nonhumans -- Effects of Light on Appetite -- Effects of Environmental Temperature on Food Preferences -- Acute Variations -- Seasonal Effects -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Research Recommendations -- Practical Recommendations for Working in Hot Environments -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- 11 Situational Influences on Food Intake -- INTRODUCTION -- THE UNDERCONSUMPTION PROBLEM -- PROBLEM DEFINITION -- WHY IS RATION INTAKE INSUFFICIENT? -- LABORATORY AND FIELD DIFFERENCES -- SITUATIONAL INFLUENCES -- Constraints on Food Intake -- Social Influences -- Time of Day -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- PART III U.S. ARMY PRESENTATIONS: A REEVALUATION OF SODIUM REQUIREMENTS FOR WORK IN THE HEAT -- 12 Responses of Soldiers to 4-gram and 8-gram NaCl Diets During 10 Days of Heat Acclimation -- INTRODUCTION.

METHODS -- RESULTS -- Morning Body Mass and Urinalysis -- Preexercise Blood Measurements -- Responses During Heat Acclimation Trials -- DISCUSSION -- Plasma Volume Expansion -- Na+ Balance During Heat Acclimation -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- 13 Endocrinological Responses to Dietary Salt Restriction During Heat Acclimation -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS -- Subjects -- Design -- Heat Acclimation and Work in the Heat -- Blood Sampling -- Radioimmunoassays -- Statistical Analysis -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- 14 Subjective Reports of Heat Illness -- INTRODUCTION -- METHOD -- Subjects -- Procedure -- RESULTS -- Tabulation of Selected ESQ Symptoms -- Overall Index of Subjective Heat Illness -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- PART IV COMMITTEE DISCUSSION PAPER -- 15 Food Intake, Appetite, and Work in Hot Environments -- INTRODUCTION -- Internal Mechanisms -- OBSERVATIONAL DATA ON INTAKE -- CONCLUSIONS AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIXES -- A Military Recommended Dietary Allowances, AR 25-40 (1985) -- Medical Services -- Nutrition Allowances, Standards, and Education -- Summary -- Applicability -- Impact on New Manning System -- Supplementation -- Suggested improvements -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1-1. Purpose -- 1-2. References -- 1-3. Explanation of abbreviations and terms -- 1-4. Responsibilities -- Chapter 2 Nutritional Allowances and Standards -- 2-1. Military recommended dietary allowances -- 2-2. Estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes -- 2-3. Nutrient standards for operational and restricted rations -- 2-4. Energy requirements -- 2-5. Nutrient discussion -- Chapter 3 Military Menu Guidance -- 3-1. Nutrient density index -- 3-2. Reduced calorie menu (1500 kcal).

Chapter 4 Nutrition Education -- 4-1. Introduction -- 4-2. General guidelines for a healthful diet -- Glossary -- Section I Abbreviations -- Section II Terms -- B Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments-A Selected Bibliography -- C Biographical Sketches -- COMMITTEE ON MILITARY NUTRITION RESEARCH -- AUTHORS -- INDEX.