Recommended Dietary Allowances -- Copyright -- Preface -- REFERENCE -- Contents -- Recommended Dietary Allowances -- 1 Summary -- MAJOR REVISIONS IN THE TENTH EDITION AND THEIR BASES -- Recommended Dietary Allowances -- Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes -- USES AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE RDAS -- 2 Definition and Applications -- ESTIMATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS -- ESTABLISHMENT OF DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS -- HOW ARE RDAS TO BE MET? -- PHARMACOLOGIC AND TOXIC EFFECTS OF NUTRIENTS -- REFERENCE INDIVIDUALS -- NUTRIENT ALLOWANCES FOR INFANTS -- NUTRIENT ALLOWANCES FOR THE ELDERLY -- CONDITIONS THAT MAY REQUIRE ADJUSTMENT IN APPLICATION OF RDAS -- Climate -- Strenuous Physical Activity -- Clinical Considerations -- APPLICATION OF RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES -- NUTRITIONAL ALLOWANCES AS GUIDELINES FOR FOOD SUPPLIES AND FOR HEALTH AND WELFARE PROGRAMS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Energy -- ESTIMATING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS -- Resting Energy Expenditure -- Physical Activity -- Metabolic Response to Food -- Age -- Sex -- Growth -- Body Size -- Climate -- ESTIMATION OF ENERGY ALLOWANCES -- Adults -- Pregnancy -- Lactation -- Infants, Children, and Adolescents -- COMPARISON OF RDA AND REPORTED INTAKES -- CHANGES IN ENERGY ALLOWANCES COMPARED TO NINTH EDITION -- REFERENCES -- 4 Carbohydrates and Fiber -- DIGESTIBLE CARBOHYDRATES -- Pathophysiological Significance -- DIETARY FIBER -- REFERENCES -- 5 Lipids -- DIETARY SOURCES AND USUAL INTAKES -- ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS -- OTHER CONSIDERATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Protein and Amino Acids -- GENERAL SIGNS OF DEFICIENCY -- GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR ESTIMATING PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS -- Nitrogen Balance -- OTHER CRITERIA OF ADEQUACY -- THE REQUIREMENT FOR AMINO ACIDS -- RECOMMENDED ALLOWANCES FOR PROTEIN -- The Requirement for Reference Protein and Its Variability -- Adults -- The Elderly -- Pregnancy -- Lactation.

Infants, Children, and Adolescents -- Amino Acid Requirement Pattern According to Age -- Amino Acid Scoring of Dietary Protein Quality -- CONSUMPTION AND AMINO ACID PATTERN OF PROTEINS IN THE U.S. DIET -- Digestibility -- Adjustment of Allowances for Dietary Quality -- OTHER EFFECTS ON PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS -- COMPARISON OF CURRENT PROTEIN RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE 1980 RDAS -- EXCESSIVE INTAKES AND TOXICITY -- REFERENCES -- 7 Fat-Soluble Vitamins -- VITAMIN A -- General Signs of Deficiency -- The Nutritional Relationship Between Preformed Vitamin A, Biologically Active Retinoids, and Carotenoids -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants and Children -- Other Factors Affecting Recommended Allowances -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- VITAMIN D -- General Signs of Deficiency -- The Dietary Essentiality of Vitamin D -- Biochemistry and Metabolism -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults -- Pregnancy, and Lactation -- Infants and Children -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- VITAMIN E -- Occurrence and Biological Activity -- Function and Metabolism -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- PUFA-Vitamin E Relationship -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infant -- Children -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- VITAMIN K -- Metabolism -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants and Children -- Other Considerations -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- 8 Water-Soluble Vitamins -- VITAMIN C -- Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Criteria for Assessing Nutritional Status -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants and Children.

Other Considerations -- Pharmacologic Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- THIAMIN -- General Signs of Deficiency -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants -- Children and Adolescents -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- RIBOFLAVIN -- General Signs of Deficiency -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants and Children -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- NIACIN -- Tryptophan to Niacin Interconversion -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants and Children -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- VITAMIN B6 -- General Signs of Deficiency -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants and Children -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- FOLATE -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Bioavailability -- Assessment of Folate Status -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults and Adolescents -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants and Children -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- Changes in Folate Allowances Compared to Ninth Edition -- References -- VITAMIN B12 -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- General Signs of Deficiency -- Metabolism -- Pool Size and Turnover -- Basis for Establishing Allowances -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants and Children -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- Changes in Vitamin B12 Allowances Compared to Ninth Edition -- References -- BIOTIN -- General Signs of Deficiency -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Intestinal Synthesis -- Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants and Children -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity.

References -- PANTOTHENIC ACID -- General Signs of Deficiency -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants, Children, and Adolescents -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- 9 Minerals -- CALCIUM -- Calcium Absorption -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Bone Formation and Retention -- Relationship to Phosphorus and Protein Intakes -- Other Potential Functions -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults and Adolescents -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants and Children -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- PHOSPHORUS -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- General Signs of Deficiency -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults, Children, and Pregnant and Lactating Women -- Infants -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- MAGNESIUM -- General Signs of Deficiency -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants and Children -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- 10 Trace Elements -- IRON -- General Signs of Deficiency -- Dietary Sources -- Absorption of Dietary Iron -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants -- Children and Adolescents -- Other Considerations -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- ZINC -- General Signs of Deficiency -- Dietary Sources, Bioavailability, and Usual Intakes -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants and Children -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- IODINE -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants and Children -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- Other Considerations -- References -- SELENIUM -- General Signs of Deficiency -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes.

Assessment of Selenium Status -- Recommended Allowances -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants and Children -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- COPPER -- Assessment of Copper Status -- Evidence for Human Requirement -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Bioavailability -- Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes -- Adults -- Infants and Children -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- MANGANESE -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes -- Adults -- Infants and Children -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- FLUORIDE -- Effects on Dental Caries -- Effects on Bone Disease -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes -- REFERENCES -- CHROMIUM -- Usual Intakes -- Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- MOLYBDENUM -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- References -- 11 Water and Electrolytes -- WATER -- Sources -- Estimate of Requirements -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants and Children -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- SODIUM -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Estimate of Requirements -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants and Children -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- POTASSIUM -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Estimate of Requirements -- Adults -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- Infants and Children -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- CHLORIDE -- Dietary Sources and Usual Intakes -- Estimate of Requirements -- Excessive Intakes and Toxicity -- REFERENCES -- 12 Other Substances in Food.

NUTRIENTS ESSENTIAL FOR SOME HIGHER ANIMALS BUT NOT PROVED TO BE REQUIRED BY NORMAL HUMANS.