Science and Babies -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Reproductive Health Issues -- INFERTILITY -- CONTRACEPTION -- TEENAGE PARENTHOOD -- PRENATAL CARE -- ETHICAL ISSUES -- REFERENCES -- 2 Infertility -- HOW COMMON IS INFERTILITY? -- THE PROCESS OF HUMAN REPRODUCTION -- WHEN THE SYSTEM DOESN'T WORK -- SEEKING THE CAUSE -- DAMAGE TO THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT -- OVULATION DISORDERS -- ENDOMETRIOSIS -- CAUSES OF MALE INFERTILITY -- MEDICAL THERAPIES FOR WOMEN AND MEN -- SURGICAL TREATMENT FOR VARICOCELE -- SURGICAL TREATMENT FOR WOMEN -- ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION -- NEW FERTILIZATION PROCEDURES -- In Vitro Fertilization -- Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer -- Setting Standards for the New Technologies -- PROTECTING THE CONSUMER -- Physician Credentials -- Using Procedures Appropriately -- Defining IVF and GIFT Success -- Questions to Ask an IVF Clinic -- Some Approaches for Protecting Consumers -- IVF CLINICS-THE CURRENT SCENE -- RESEARCH NEEDS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Contraception: Having a Healthy Baby at the Right Time -- WHY THE DECLINE IN CONTRACEPTIVE DEVELOPMENT? -- The Lawsuit Proliferation -- Changes in the Legal Rules -- The Increased Cost of Insurance -- The Funding Gap -- FDA Requirements -- THE NEED FOR BETTER CONTRACEPTION -- To Prevent Abortions -- To Slow Population Growth -- To Improve Maternal and Child Health -- To Increase the Choice of Effective Methods -- To Increase Acceptability and Accessibility -- HINDERING CONTRACEPTIVE USE -- CONCLUSION -- Birth Control Methods Available in the United States Today and Their Effectiveness -- Birth Control Methods on the Horizon for the United States -- Birth Control Methods Not Available in the United States -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 The Dilemma of Teenage Parenthood -- THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM -- PRECURSORS OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY.

Lack of Contraceptive Use -- Early Onset of Puberty and Delayed Marriage -- Poverty -- Lack of Educational Goals -- Religious Involvement -- Family Relationships -- Peer Pressure -- WHAT DETERMINES CONTRACEPTIVE USE? -- Age -- Educational Goals -- Sex Education -- Acceptance of One's Sexual Behavior -- Stage of Development -- CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY CHILDBEARING -- Health Risks for Infant and Mother -- Education, Job Opportunities, and Income -- Economic Costs -- The Children of Teenage Mothers -- AVERTING TEENAGE PREGNANCY -- Sex Education Programs -- Efforts to Promote Chastity -- Improving Access to Contraception -- The Use of Abortion -- Other Approaches -- RESEARCH NEEDS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 5 Prenatal Care: Having Healthy Babies -- MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH-THE PICTURE TODAY -- LOW BIRTHWEIGHT AND INFANT MORTALITY -- POVERTY AND INFANT MORTALITY -- THE EFFECTS OF LOW BIRTHWEIGHT -- Health Problems -- Neurodevelopmental Handicaps -- Congenital Anomalies -- Respiratory Tract Problems -- Side Effects of Technology -- Family Stresses -- Financial Stresses -- PREVENTING LOW BIRTHWEIGHT: THE ROLE OF PRENATAL CARE -- COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF PRENATAL CARE -- WHO ISN'T GETTING ENOUGH PRENATAL CARE? -- Teenagers -- Unmarried Women -- Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans -- The Poorly Educated -- Women with Many Children -- Women Living in Poverty -- The Uninsured -- OBSTACLES TO PRENATAL CARE -- Inability to Pay -- A Shortage of Clinics -- Physician Inaccessibility -- Restrictions on Nurse-Midwives -- THE COST OF MALPRACTICE INSURANCE -- The Programs -- Lack of Coordination Among Programs -- Medicaid Application Procedures -- Other Barriers -- Transportation -- Child Care -- Clinic Hours -- Long Waiting Times -- Staff Attitudes -- Hiding the Clinic -- Cultural and Personal Barriers -- Attitudes -- Homelessness.

Substance Abuse -- RESEARCH NEEDS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 6 Progress in Research -- ROLE OF THE BRAIN IN REPRODUCTION -- DIAGNOSING GENETIC DISEASES -- HOW GENETIC DISEASES OCCUR -- DIAGNOSIS BY ANALYZING DNA -- Adult Screening -- Screening Newborns -- Prenatal Testing Techniques -- New Techniques for Diagnosing Genetic Diseases -- RESEARCH ON EMBRYO HEALTH -- Flawed Chromosomes and Pregnancy -- Diagnosing Genetic Diseases in Embryos -- Preserving Embryos by Freezing -- Improving Embryo Development -- The Embryo Research Vacuum -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Role of the Brain in Reproduction -- Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases -- Research on Embryo Health -- 7 New Technologies: The Ethical and Social Issues -- EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO -- THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH -- ETHICAL AND SOCIAL CONCERNS -- RESOLVING ETHICAL AND SOCIAL CONCERNS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 8 Areas for Policy Development -- Acknowledgments -- Index.