Not Eating Enough -- Copyright -- Preface -- FOCUS OF THE REPORT -- HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE -- COMMITTEE TASK AND PROCEDURES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Contents -- Part I Committee Summary and Recommendations -- 1 Introduction and Background -- THE COMMITTEE'S TASK -- Terms Used in This Report -- Definition of the Problem and Report Organization -- LOWERED INTAKE AND PERFORMANCE -- Overview of Energy Intakes During Military Exercise -- Effects of Ration Modifications in Energy Intake, Weight Change, and Food Acceptance -- When Does Soldier Physical Performance Decline as a Result of Lowered Consumption? -- Impact of Suboptimal Consumption of Military Operational Rations on Cognitive Performance -- Implications of Underconsumption of Macronutrients -- ATTRIBUTES OF EATING THAT AFFECT CONSUMPTION -- The Physical Eating Situation -- Social Facilitation of Food Intake -- Commanders' Perceptions and Attitudes about their Responsibilities for Feeding Soldiers -- Eating Situations, Food Appropriateness, and Consumption -- ATTRIBUTES OF FOOD THAT AFFECT CONSUMPTION -- Food Stereotypes and Food Image -- Food Quality, Quantity, and Variety -- Food as a Product -- Beverage-Food Interactions -- Biological Rhythms and Timing -- NEW CHANGES IN MILITARY OPERATIONAL RATIONS AND FIELD FEEDING -- Ration Evolution -- The Current Situation with Army Field Feeding -- Scenario in the Future -- PROPOSED PLAN OF ACTION BY NRDEC -- References -- 2 Conclusions and Recommendations -- ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS POSED TO THE COMMITTEE -- CONCLUSIONS -- The Underconsumption Problem -- Potential Effects of Underconsumption on Performance -- Strategies to Overcome Underconsumption -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- THE COMMITTEE ON MILITARY NUTRITION RESEARCH ALSO RECOMMENDS: -- AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- References -- Part II Background and Introduction to the Topic.

3 Introduction to the Concepts and Issues Underlying Underconsumption of Field Rations -- INTRODUCTION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- 4 Army Field Feeding System-Future -- INTRODUCTION -- Background -- AN ILLUSTRATION OF ARMY FIELD FEEDING3 -- The Current Situation -- Deficiencies in the Existing System -- PROPOSED ARMY FIELD FEEDING PROGRAM -- Long-Term Equipment Plans -- PLANNING THE RATIONS -- CONCLUSION -- 5 Commanders' Perceptions and Attitudes About Their Responsibility for Feeding Soldiers -- INTRODUCTION -- SURVEY METHODS -- RESULTS -- Nutrition Knowledge -- Commanders' Perceived Responsibility for Feeding Soldiers -- Anecdotal Comments -- DISCUSSION -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- 6 Nutritional Criteria for Development and Testing of Military Field Rations: An Historical Perspective -- INTRODUCTION -- NUTRITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY RATIONS -- NUTRITIONAL CRITERIA FOR TESTING MILITARY RATIONS -- Background on Development of the Meal, Ready-to-Eat Ration -- 1993 MRE Test-Hawaii -- Background on Development of the Combat Field Feeding System-Force Development Test and Experimentation -- 1985 CFFS-FDTE Test-Hawaii -- 1986 MRE Improvement Test-Hawaii -- 1989 MRE Cold-Weather Supplement Test-Alaska -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- 7 Evolution of Rations: The Pursuit of Universal Acceptance -- INTRODUCTION -- OPERATIONAL RATIONS -- CURRENT AND FUTURE OPERATIONAL RATIONS -- Meal, Ready-to-Eat -- Tray Rations -- B Ration -- A Ration -- Unitized Group Ration -- NUTRITIONAL LABELING -- FUTURE FIELD FEEDING CONCEPTS -- CONCLUSION -- References -- DISCUSSION -- 8 Overview of Dietary Intakes During Military Exercises -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS -- LIMITATIONS -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- Dietary and Energy Intakes in Garrison -- Dietary and Energy Intakes in the Field.

Dietary and Energy Intakes During Cold Weather Field Training -- Dietary and Energy Intakes of Military Women -- Intentional Weight Loss -- Carbohydrate -- Protein -- Micronutrients -- Food Waste -- Variety -- Energy Intakes Versus Energy Expenditures -- CONTRIBUTING FACTORS -- The Ration -- Training Schedule and Situation -- Environment -- Command Emphasis -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- ENDNOTES -- References -- DISCUSSION -- 9 The Effects of Ration Modifications on Energy Intake, Body Weight Change, and Food Acceptance -- INTRODUCTION -- MEAL, READY-TO-EAT -- Prolonged Feeding Studies -- Changes in the Meal, Ready-to-Eat -- Tray Ration -- CONDITIONS FOR RATION IMPROVEMENT -- The Role of Variety -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- GENERAL DISCUSSION -- Part III Factors Underlying Food Intake and Underconsumption-Food -- 10 The Role of Image, Stereotypes, and Expectations on the Acceptance and Consumption of Rations -- INTRODUCTION -- RATION IMAGE AND STEREOTYPE -- General Public and Media Image -- Image of Rations Among Military -- Characteristics of the Image and its Origins -- THE ROLE OF CONSUMER EXPECTATIONS IN FOOD ACCEPTANCE -- Informational Variables -- Models of Disconfirmed Expectations -- Assimilation Effects -- Implications of an Assimilation Model -- EFFECTS ON CONSUMPTION -- Effects of Information and Packaging -- Effects of Social Communications -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- 11 Effects of Food Quality, Quantity, and Variety on Intake -- INTRODUCTION -- SATIETY AND FOOD INTAKE -- Energy Density and Food Intake -- Dietary Fat and Food Intake -- Dietary Fiber and Food Intake -- QUANTITY AND FORM OF FOOD -- Portion Size -- Form of Food -- Food Labels -- SENSORY-SPECIFIC SATIETY AND VARIETY -- Changing Hedonic Responses to Foods During a Meal -- Variety and Intake During a Meal.

Monotony in the Diet -- Variety and Body Weight -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- 12 Effects of Beverage Consumption and Hydration Status on Caloric Intake -- INTRODUCTION -- CONTRIBUTION OF BEVERAGE CONSUMPTION TO CALORIC INTAKE IN THE FIELD -- EFFECTS OF WATER AVAILABILITY AND HYDRATION STATUS ON FOOD INTAKE -- FACTORS AFFECTING FLUID INTAKE DURING MILITARY FIELD EXERCISES -- The Influence of the Drinking Environment on Fluid Intake -- The Effects of Beverage Attributes on Fluid Intake -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Recommendations Related to Ration Products -- Recommendations Related to Situational Issues: The Field Environment -- References -- DISCUSSION -- 13 Industry Approaches to Food Research -- INTRODUCTION -- FOOD INDUSTRY FINDINGS -- Consumer Acceptance -- Food Behavior -- How Free-Ranging Consumers Eat -- Observation Techniques -- Food Research and Physiology -- Amount of Consumption -- Packaging -- Seasonings -- CONCLUSION -- DISCUSSION -- Part IV Underconsumption and Performance -- 14 When Does Energy Deficit Affect Soldier Physical Performance? -- INTRODUCTION -- ASSESSING UNDERCONSUMPTION -- Baseline Nutritional Status -- Overnourished Soldiers -- Nutritional Status of Female Soldiers -- ASSESSING PERFORMANCE -- Work Capacity and Energy Expenditure -- Specific Tests of Performance -- EFFECTS OF ENERGY DEFICIT ON STRENGTH -- EFFECTS OF ENERGY DEFICIT ON AEROBIC CAPACITY -- SHORT-TERM STUDIES WITH HIGH-ENERGY EXPENDITURES -- Norwegian Ranger Training: Intensive Training with Large Energy Deficits -- Canadian Forces Commandos Study: Intensive Training With Small Energy Deficits -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- 15 Impact of Underconsumption on Cognitive Performance -- BACKGROUND -- Underconsumption -- Cognitive Performance -- Methodological Issues -- Field Settings -- Normative Data.

Control Group Data -- Cognitive Performance Tests -- Environmental Conditions at Testing -- Performance Motivation -- Consideration of Individual Differences -- Investigator Bias -- Influence of Underconsumption on Cognitive Performance -- PROPOSED RELATIONSHIP OF UNDERCONSUMPTION TO COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- 16 The Functional Effects of Carbohydrate and Energy Underconsumption -- INTRODUCTION -- CARBOHYDRATE RESTRICTION -- ENERGY RESTRICTION -- Early Effects of Caloric Deprivation -- Effects on Lean Body Mass and Function -- Energy Deficits Induced by Exercise -- Energy Deficits and Immune Function -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- Part V Factors Underlying Food Intake and Underconsumption-The Eating Situation and Social Issues -- 17 The Physical Eating Situation -- INTRODUCTION -- THE PHYSICAL SITUATION -- General Conditions -- Deployment to the Field -- Soldiers' Attitudes -- Meal Timing -- Meal Frequency -- Meal Duration -- Meal Regularity and Predictability -- Meals and Circadian Rhythms -- Ration Aspects of the Field Situation -- Sensory Cues -- Ration Preparation and Use -- Food Choice and Selection -- The Eating Context -- Nonsensory Cues -- Individual Versus Group Rations -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- 18 Eating Situations, Food Appropriateness, and Consumption -- INTRODUCTION -- CONSUMER BEHAVIOR SITUATIONAL RESEARCH -- FOOD COGNITIVE-CONTEXT RESEARCH -- Laboratory Appropriateness Studies -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- 19 From Biologic Rhythms to Chronomes Relevant for Nutrition -- INTRODUCTION -- MEAL TIMING IN TERMS OF CALORIES AND SEDENTARY LIMITED MOTOR ACTIVITY -- Timing the Kinds of Calories -- Meal and Performance Timing.

Meal Timing and the Body's Time Structure (Chronome).