Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE -- FOCUS OF THE REPORT -- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Contents -- Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research -- I COMMITTEE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 Project Overview and Committee Summary -- PROJECT OVERVIEW -- The Committee's Task -- The Current Army Program and Its Future Needs -- COMMITTEE SUMMARY -- Techniques of Body Composition Assessment -- Body Composition Standards in the Military -- Body Composition Assessment Techniques Proposed to Replace Hydrodensitometry as the Criterion Method -- Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry -- Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Other Techniques -- Computerized Axial Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Correlation between Body Composition, Health Status, and Physical Performance -- Summary -- Tracer Techniques for the Study of Metabolism -- Use of Isotopic Tracers to Study Metabolism -- Future Directions -- Use of Positron Emission Tomography to Study Protein Metabolism -- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance as a Tool to Study Metabolism -- Summary -- Ambulatory Techniques for Measurement of Energy Expenditure -- Doubly Labeled Water for Energy Expenditure -- Using Foot Contact Time to Estimate the Metabolic Cost of Locomotion -- Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Measuring Plasma Metabolites -- Summary -- Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Nutrition -- Regulation of Gene Expression by Nutrients and Metabolites -- Applications for Techniques Used to Study Gene Expression -- Isolated Cell Approaches -- Summary -- Assessment of Immune Function -- New Approaches to the Study of Abnormal Immune Function -- Evaluation of Humoral Immunity (Production of Antibodies) -- Evaluation of Cell-Mediated Immune Functions -- In Vitro Assays of Lymphocyte Function.

Phagocytic Cell Assays -- New Techniques for Producing Immunity via Oral Immunization -- Production of Recombinant Bacterial Antigen for Oral Immunization -- Use of Enterotoxins as Vaccine Carriers and Adjuvants -- Use of Transgenic Plants to Generate Antibodies for Passive Immunotherapy -- Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction for Identification and Cloning of Antibodies -- Microencapsulation of Antigens and Antibodies -- Summary -- Assessment of Immune Function -- Techniques for Oral Vaccine Production -- Functional and Behavioral Measures of Nutritional Status -- Involuntary Muscle Contraction to Assess Nutritional Status -- Application of Cognitive Performance Assessment Technology to Military Nutrition Research -- Technical Advances in Cognitive Performance Assessment -- Computers and Miniaturization -- Improvement in Interface Technology -- Summary -- 2 Committee Responses to Questions, Conclusions, and Recommendations -- RESPONSES TO QUESTIONS POSED BY THE ARMY -- Techniques of Body Composition Assessment -- Tracer Techniques for the Study of Metabolism -- Ambulatory Techniques for Measurement of Energy Expenditure -- Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Nutrition -- Assessment of Immune Function -- Functional and Behavioral Measures of Nutritional Status -- COMMITTEE CONCLUSIONS -- COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS -- II THE CURRENT ARMY PROGRAM AND ITS FUTURE NEEDS -- 3 Emerging Technologies in Nutrition Research for the Military: Overview of the Issues -- INTRODUCTION -- ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITARY NUTRITION RESEARCH PROGRAM -- PURPOSE OF THE PROGRAM -- Development of Nutritional Strategies -- Performance-Enhancing Ration Components -- Dietary Treatments to Counteract Immunosuppression -- Dietary Interventions to Meet Special Requirements -- Evaluation of Operational Rations and Field Feeding Systems -- Establishment of Nutritional Standards.

Determination of Nutritional Status of Military Populations -- OTHER NUTRITIONALLY RELATED RESEARCH -- AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS -- References -- III TECHNIQUES OF BODY COMPOSITION ASSESSMENT -- 4 Military Application of Body Composition Assessment Technologies -- ARMY BODY COMPOSITION STANDARDS: GOALS AND METHODS -- VALIDATION OF MILITARY EQUATIONS AGAINST CRITERION METHODS -- Shortcomings of Underwater Weighing -- Errors Produced by Assumptions in the Interpretation of Body Density -- Improved Criterion Measure with a Four-Compartment Model -- DEXA Soft Tissue Analysis as a Practical Improvement over Underwater Weighing -- Other Technologies for Expedient Body Fat Assessment -- SIGNIFICANCE OF BODY FAT TOPOGRAPHY AND MUSCLE MASS DISTRIBUTION -- Abdominal Girth: Male Body Fat Predictor and Marker of Personal Readiness Goals -- Diversity of Female Body Fat Topography and Physiology -- Future Standards Development with Lean Mass Assessments -- ASSESSMENT OF CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL AND HYDRATIONAL STATUS -- Validity of Anthropometric Equations Derived from Cross-Sectional Data When Applied to Predict Chang ... -- Confounding Effects of Large Weight Losses in Ranger Training: Increases in Hydration and Questionab ... -- Considerations in the Assessment of Nutritional Compromise -- AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- 5 Imaging Techniques of Body Composition: Advantages of Measurement and New Uses -- INTRODUCTION -- Historical Development -- Components Measured -- PHYSICAL BASIS OF METHODS -- Overview -- Computerized Axial Tomography -- Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- BODY COMPONENT RECONSTRUCTION -- Computerized Axial Tomography -- Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- VALIDATION STUDIES -- Computerized Axial Tomography -- Phantoms and Cadavers -- Verification of Volume Measurements In Vivo -- Reproducibility.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Phantoms -- Animals -- Cadavers -- Comparison with CT -- Reliability -- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- REFERENCE TECHNIQUE FOR HUMAN FAT MEASUREMENT? -- FUTURE APPLICATIONS -- AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- 6 Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry: Research Issues and Equipment -- INTRODUCTION -- EQUIPMENT -- ASSESSMENT OF BONE MINERAL DENSITY -- Reliability and Precision -- Validity -- ASSESSMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION -- Reliability and Precision -- Validity -- Underlying Principles of Body Composition Assessment by DXA -- Sources of Error in the Assessment of Body Composition by DXA -- Hydration Status. -- Tissue Thickness. -- Soft Tissue Composition in Bone Regions. -- Comparisons of DXA and Hydrodensitometry -- ASSESSMENT OF REGIONAL BODY COMPOSITION -- AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- 7 Bioelectrical Impedance: A History, Research Issues, and Recent Consensus -- HISTORY -- IMPEDANCE AND BODY WATER -- IMPEDANCE AND BODY COMPOSITION -- QUANTIFICATION OF CHANGES IN BODY COMPOSITION -- SEGMENTAL BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE -- MULTIFREQUENCY BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE -- Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance Spectral Analysis -- IMPEDANCE AND BLOOD CHEMISTRY -- ETHNICITY -- NIH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT CONFERENCE: BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS IN BODY COMPOSITION MEASUREMENT -- AUTHORS' CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- III Discussion -- IV TRACER TECHNIQUES FOR THE STUDY OF METABOLISM -- 8 Stable Isotope Tracers: Technological Tools that have Emerged -- ISOTOPES IN NATURE -- ACCESS TO INACCESSIBLE COMPARTMENTS -- EXPRESSION OF TRACER DILUTION -- ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- ADVANTAGES OF STABLE ISOTOPE TRACER USE -- SELECTED RECENT EXAMPLES OF STABLE ISOTOPE USE -- SIGNIFICANCE TO THE MILITARY -- References.

9 Measurement of Energy Substrate Metabolism Using Stable Isotopes -- INTRODUCTION -- BREATH 13C/12C RATIO METHOD TO MEASURE SUBSTRATE OXIDATION -- Description of Methodology -- Performance of Breath Ratio Method -- Current Research Using Breath Ratio Method -- Scientific Advantages and Disadvantages of the Breath Ratio Methodology -- Cost/Benefit of New Technology -- How Practical is the Technology? -- Can the Method Be Used in the Field? -- TRACER INFUSION MEASUREMENT OF SUBSTRATE OXIDATION -- Description of Methodology -- Review of Application of Methodology -- Scientific Advantages and Disadvantages -- AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- 10 Combined Stable Isotope-Positron Emission Tomography for In Vivo Assessment of Protein Metabolism -- INTRODUCTION -- ISOTOPE TRACER ESTIMATES OF PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID TURNOVER IN VIVO -- Stable Isotope Techniques -- Positron Emission Tomography -- Positron Decay and Coincidence Detection of Radiation Annihilation -- Nuclide Production and Radiotracer Synthesis -- APPLICATIONS OF PET -- Muscle Protein Synthesis as Measured with PET -- Importance of Skeletal Muscle -- Initial Studies with PET -- The Results and Their Interpretation -- The Implications and Some Comments -- AUTHORS' SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- 11 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Liver and Muscle Glycogen Metabolism in Humans -- INTRODUCTION -- BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF NMR SPECTROSCOPY -- NMR Spectrometer -- Applications of NMR Spectroscopy -- GLUCOSE TRANSPORT-PHOSPHORYLATION: THE RATE-LIMITING STEP IN MUSCLE GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS -- NMR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF LIVER GLYCOGEN METABOLISM -- RELATIVE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NMR SPECTROSCOPY COMPARED TO OTHER TECHNIQUES -- AUTHOR'S SUMMARY -- References -- DISCUSSION -- IV Discussion.

V AMBULATORY TECHNIQUES FOR MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE.