Assessing Readiness in Military Women -- Copyright -- Preface -- REFERENCE -- Contents -- Assessing Readiness in Military Women -- Executive Summary -- THE COMMITTEE'S TASK -- METHODS -- BACKGROUND -- FINDINGS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- Survey Design and Administration -- Relevant Data from Previous Surveys of Military Personnel and in Existing DoD Databases -- Effective Use of Existing Data -- Recommendations for New Methods -- Additional Data Needed -- Additional Research Recommendations -- REFERENCES -- 1 Introduction -- COMMITTEE CHARGE -- DEMOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVE-DUTY MILITARY WOMEN -- METHODS AND RESOURCES USED FOR THE REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 Body Composition -- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- Summary -- OVERVIEW OF BODY WEIGHT AND COMPOSITION -- General Concepts -- Body Mass Index -- Components of Body Composition -- Summary -- BODY COMPOSITION MEASUREMENT -- Field Methods -- Military Anthropometric Measurements -- Criterion Methods -- Summary -- FACTORS AFFECTING BODY COMPOSITION -- Body Composition and Age -- Genetic Influences on Body Composition -- Ethnic Differences in Fat-Free Mass -- Ethnic Differences in Total Body fat and Fat Distribution -- Summary -- INFLUENCES OF BODY COMPOSITION ON HEALTH, FITNESS, AND APPEARANCE -- Body Composition and Health -- Body Fat Distribution -- Body Composition and Risk for Injury -- Body Composition and Fitness -- Body Fat Standards Versus Fitness Standards -- Body Composition and Appearance -- Summary -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Physical Fitness Policies and Programs -- DEFINITION OF FITNESS -- Summary -- CURRENT MILITARY PHYSICAL FITNESS STANDARDS, TESTING, AND PROGRAMS -- Health-Related Fitness -- Ongoing Physical Fitness Training in the Military -- Occupation-Related Fitness -- Summary -- CIVILIAN PERFORMANCE TESTING -- Theoretical Issues.

Police Force Physical Tests -- Firefighting Services -- Summary -- BODY COMPOSITION, FITNESS, AND TASK PERFORMANCE -- Body Composition and Fitness -- Body Fat and Performance -- Fat-Free Mass and Performance -- Musculoskeletal Injury and Fitness -- Strategies to Improve Performance on Physically Demanding Military Tasks -- Strength Training -- Job Redesign -- Summary -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 4 Weight Management -- MILITARY WEIGHT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS -- Army -- Air Force -- Navy and Marine Corps -- Outcome Assessment for Military Weight Management Programs -- Summary -- PREVALENCE OF ACTUAL AND SELF-PERCEIVED WEIGHT PROBLEMS -- Large Self-Report Surveys -- Smaller Surveys -- Data from Medical and Personnel Databases -- Low Body Weight -- Summary -- ISSUES IN WEIGHT MANAGEMENT -- Body Image and Weight Maintenance -- Methods Used by Military Women to Lose and Maintain Weight -- Negative Diet Behaviors in Civilian Populations -- Physical Consequences of Chronic Dieting -- Weight Cycling and Body Composition -- Weight Cycling and Resting Energy Expenditure -- Weight Cycling and Risk for Disease -- Methods for Successful Weight Management -- Factors Associated with Successful Weight Management -- Prevention of Obesity -- Summary -- CONCLUDING REMARKS: WEIGHT MANAGEMENT AS A MILITARY READINESS ISSUE -- REFERENCES -- 5 Nutritional Concerns of Military Women -- CONSEQUENCES OF CHRONIC DIETING -- Energy Deficit and Cognitive Function -- Female Athlete Triad -- Energy Intake -- Dietary Fiber -- Dietary Fat -- Other Nutrients -- Role of Body Fat -- Risk For Musculoskeletal Injury And Female Athlete Triad in Active-Duty Military Women -- Nutrient Adequacy of Weight Loss Diets -- Summary -- INFLUENCE OF MILITARY OPERATIONAL RATIONS AND DINING HALL MEALS ON THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF ACTIVE- ... -- Results Of Military Nutrition Studies.

Impact of Altered Nutrient Status -- Iron -- Calcium -- Folate -- Protein -- Energy -- Fluids -- Summary -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Pregnancy and Lactation and Postpartum Return-to-Duty Fitness -- MILITARY POLICIES ON PREGNANCY AND POSTPARTUM ATTAINMENT OF WEIGHT/FAT AND FITNESS STANDARDS -- PROFILE OF MILITARY WOMEN AND RISK FACTORS FOR POOR PREGNANCY OUTCOME -- Summary -- REPRODUCTIVE HISTORY OF MILITARY WOMEN -- Pregnancy Prevalence -- Navy -- Marine Corps -- Army -- Air Force -- Civilians -- Pregnancy Course And Outcome -- Army -- Navy -- Air Force -- Summary -- EXERCISE AND PREGNANCY -- Summary -- POSTPARTUM CHANGES IN WEIGHT AND PHYSICAL FITNESS -- Gestational Weight Gain -- Postpartum Weight Loss -- Use of Military Body Composition Equations in Postpartum Women -- Changes in Postpartum Physical Fitness -- Summary -- LACTATION -- Military Studies -- Lactation and Postpartum Weight Loss -- Physical Activity and Lactation -- Summary -- NUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY AND POSTPARTUM -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Recommendations -- Discussion -- Recommendations for Additional Research -- Recommendations -- Discussion -- Recommendations for Additional Research -- Recommendations -- Discussion -- Recommendations for Additional Research -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE DESIGN AND ADMINISTRATION OF SURVEYS -- Relevant Data from Previous Surveys of Military Personnel -- Relevant Data in Existing DoD Databases -- Effective Use of Existing Data -- Recommendations For New Methods -- Additional Data Needed -- REFERENCES -- Appendixes -- A Workshop Summary, Agenda, Participants, and Abstracts -- Workshop Summary -- Introduction -- Demographics -- Readiness from a Command Perspective -- Body Composition And Fitness -- Policy and Rationale -- Estimations of Percentage of Soldiers In and Out of Compliance.

Perceptions of Wellness and Readiness Assessment -- Variation In Body Composition Due To Ethnicity Or Gender -- Relationships Between Body Composition and Physical Performance -- Fitness Tests and Programs -- Nutritional Issues -- Assessment of Nutritional Status and Knowledge among Active-Duty Women -- Eating Disorders And Disturbed Eating -- Health Consequences Of Undernutrition -- Factors Influencing Bone Mineral Density -- Female Athlete Triad -- Military Factors, Menstrual Irregularities, Bone Mineral Density, and Stress Fracture Risk -- Diet and Cognitive Function -- Pregnancy And Lactation -- Pregnancy Rates and Reproductive History among Military Women -- Military Policies for Pregnant and Postpartum Soldiers -- Army -- Navy -- Air Force -- Postpartum Return to Duty Readiness: Lactation -- Exercise During Lactation -- Military Concerns -- Questions Raised At The Workshop -- Demographics -- Body Composition and Fitness -- Minimum Lean Body Mass -- Appearance versus Health -- Minimal Accession Standards -- Nutritional Issues -- Pregnancy and Lactation -- REFERENCES -- Workshop Agenda -- Workshop Participants -- Workshop Abstracts -- Military Readiness of Women: An Overview From The Command Perspective -- Overview Of The Military Woman -- Health And Nutrition Profile Of Women In The Navy -- Characteristics Of Female Midshipmen: 1992 To 1996 -- Health, Fitness, And Nutrition Among Military Women And Men -- Disordered Eating Among Women In The Armed Forces -- Body Composition And Physical Performance Of Women -- Methodological Problems In The Assessment Of Women's Body Composition By The Military: Identificatio ... -- Ethnic Differences In Body Composition: Application To Active Military Women -- Background -- Fat-Free Body Composition of African American Women -- Fat-Free Body Composition of Native American Women.

Fat-Free Body Composition of Asian Women -- Fat-Free Body Composition of Hispanic Women -- Fat-Free Body Composition of Caucasian Women -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Cross-Sectional Profile Of Body Composition Among Active-Duty Navy And Marine Corps Personnel -- Accession Weight Standards: Inconsistencies And Gender Bias -- Army Physical Fitness Program -- Physical Readiness Program, U.S. Navy -- References -- Assessment Of Fitness In The Air Force: Evaluation Of The Cycle Ergometry Program -- Effect Of Alterations In Excess Weight On The Physical Performance Of Men And Women -- Zinc And Iron Nutriture: Neuropsychological Function Of Women -- References -- Perspectives On Nutritional Issues Of Army Women -- References -- Body Weight Satisfaction And Status Of Army Women -- References -- Gender Differences In Food Ration Preferences And Consumption Among Military Personnel -- Health Consequences And Assessment Of Disordered Eating And Weight Control Behaviors -- Calcium Needs Of Premenopausal Women -- The Female Athlete Triad: Effects On The Skeleton -- The Impact Of Physical Fitness And Gender-Integrated Training On Risks Of Stress Fractures And Other ... -- Clinical Impact Of U.S. Army Policies And Procedures On Pregnancy, The Postpartum Period, And Body C ... -- References -- The Impact Of Pregnancy Weight Restriction, Postpartum Exercise, And Weight Loss On Lactation -- Pregnancy Weight Restriction and Lactation Performance -- Lactation and Weight Loss -- References -- Pregnancy Among Navy Women -- B Practices and Policies Tables -- References -- C Military Occupational Specialty Classification Tables -- References -- D Search Strategy for Literature Review -- Determination Of Topic Areas -- Formulation Of Search Terms -- Searches Of Bibliographic Databases -- Selection Of Relevant Citations.

Additional Searches And Requests For Material.