Control of Cardiovascular Diseases in Developing Countries -- Copyright -- Preface -- PROJECT CHARGE -- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Control of Cardiovascular Diseases in Developing Countries -- Executive Summary -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Determine the Magnitude of the CVD Burden in Developing Countries -- Develop Targeted, Effective Primordial and Primary Prevention StrategiesUsing Case-Control Studies -- Reduce Tobacco Use -- Detect and Treat High Blood Pressure -- Initiate Pilot Studies to Evaluate Essential Vascular Packages of Effective, Low-Cost Drugs -- Develop and Assess Algorithms of Affordable Clinical Care for CVD -- Build the Capacity to Conduct R&D Activities -- Develop Institutional Mechanisms for Facilitating CVD Prevention and Control -- 1 The Current Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases in Developing Countries -- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BRINGS CHANGES -- ATHEROSCLEROSIS AS THE UNDERLYING DISEASE PROCESS -- Risk Factors for Atherosclerotic Disease -- THE GLOBAL BURDEN -- Cardiovascular Disease as the Leading Cause of Death -- Another Measure of Disease Burden -- Regional Differences -- Attributable Risk -- CONCLUSIONS -- 2 The Future Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases in Developing Countries -- PROJECTIONS OF THE FUTURE BURDEN -- Future Impact of Tobacco -- Future Effects of Other CVD Risk Factors -- CAN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AVOID THE FUTURE BURDEN? -- Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Strategies -- Efficacy of Current Interventions -- ECONCOMIC CONSEQUENCES -- COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT -- 3 Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases in Developing Countries -- DIFFICULTIES IN ASSESSING PATTERNS -- THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONALLY SPONSORED PROGRAMS -- THE ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR -- ZAMBIA: A CASE STUDY -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS.

4 Current Research and Development in Developing Countries -- 5 Priorities for Global Research and Development -- CONTEXT -- RESEARCH PRIORITIES -- Improve Knowledge of the Size of the CVD Burden in Developing Countries -- Vital Registration -- Cause-of-Death Statistics -- Disability Estimates -- Establishing the Levels, Determinants, and Consequences of Risk Factors -- Cross-Sectional Surveys -- Analytic Studies -- Public Health Interventions -- Randomized Trials -- Clinical Interventions -- Essential Vascular Package -- Algorithms for Effective Diagnosis and Clinical Management -- Randomized Trials of Other Low-Cost Treatments -- Inclusion of Developing Countries in International Collaborative Clinical Trials -- Other Public Health Interventions -- RESEARCH TO CONTROL SPECIFIC RISK FACTORS -- Tobacco Use -- Hypertension -- Diet and Physical Activity -- HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH -- Review of Patterns of Clinical Practice -- The Economic Burden and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions -- GOVERNMENT'S POLICY ROLE -- Tobacco Control Policy -- Food and Nutrition Policy -- Pharmaceutical Policy -- Private-Sector Participation -- BUILDING CAPACITY FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT -- 6 Institutional Arrangements for Research and Development -- EFFECTIVE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AT LOCAL OR NATIONAL, REGIONAL, AND GLOBAL LEVELS -- MODELS OF INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION -- The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases -- The MONICA Project -- DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM FOR CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT -- Epilogue -- ECONOMIC IMPACT -- ETHICAL CONCERN: THE CONCEPT OF HEALTH FOR ALL -- NATIONAL RELEVANCE -- SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY -- GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUES -- References -- Appendix A Five Steps for Setting Research Priorities -- STEP 1: DETERMINE THE SIZE OF THE CVD BURDEN -- STEP 2: IDENTIFY THE REASONS FOR THE CVD BURDEN.

STEP 3: EVALUATE THE ADEQUACY OF THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE BASE -- STEP 4: EVALUATE THE PROMISE OF R&D EFFORTS -- STEP 5: ASSESS THE ADEQUACY OF THE CURRENT LEVEL OF EFFORT -- Appendix B Glossary of Cardiologic and Epidemiologic Terms -- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARIOVASCULAR DISEASE -- Diseases That May Be Due to Effects of Hypertension on the Cardiovascular System -- CARIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS -- EPIDEMIOLOGIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS.