Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance -- Copyright -- Preface -- HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE -- ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- BACKGROUND -- THE COMMITTEE'S TASK -- METHODS -- CAFFEINE USE -- CAFFEINE METABOLISM -- Pharmacology -- Physiology -- RESPONSE TO MILITARY QUESTIONS -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Potential Health Risks -- Hypertension -- Heart Disease -- Reproduction -- Osteoporosis -- Fluid Homeostasis -- Behavioral Effects -- Physical Dependence and Withdrawal -- Caffeine and Stress -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Alternatives -- Combination of Caffeine and Naps -- Amphetamine -- Modafinil -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- 1 Basic Concepts -- MILITARY INTEREST IN CAFFEINE -- Previous Committee on Military Nutrition Research Recommendations -- The Current Situation -- HISTORY OF CAFFEINE USE -- Caffeine Content of Common Food Sources -- Caffeine Intake of Adults -- THE COMMITTEE'S TASK -- 2 Pharmacology of Caffeine -- ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND METABOLISM -- FACTORS AFFECTING CAFFEINE METABOLISM -- PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS -- Caffeine and Adenosine Receptors -- Caffeine and Phosphodiesterase -- Caffeine and Calcium Mobilization -- Caffeine and Benzodiazepine Receptors -- General Effects of Caffeine on Physiological Functions -- SUMMARY -- 3 Efficacy of Caffeine -- PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE -- Carbohydrate-Caffeine Mixtures -- Other Effects on Physical Performance -- COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND ALERTNESS -- COMPENSATION OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION IMPAIRMENTS -- Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Cognitive Behavior -- Restoration of Sleep Deprivation-Induced Cognitive Deficits with Sleep -- Restoration of Sleep Deprivation-Induced Cognitive Deficits with Caffeine.

Restoration of Sleep Deprivation-Induced Cognitive Deficits with a Combination of Caffeine and Naps -- SUMMARY -- 4 Safety of Caffeine Usage -- CAFFEINE AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK -- CAFFEINE EFFECTS ON REPRODUCTION -- CAFFEINE EFFECTS ON BONE MINERAL DENSITY -- CAFFEINE EFFECTS ON FLUID HOMEOSTASIS -- DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF HIGH DOSES OF CAFFEINE -- Effects of Caffeine in the Context of Stress -- Risks of Caffeine in Combination with Ephedrine and Other Stimulants -- Physical Dependence and Withdrawal -- SUMMARY -- 5 Doses and Delivery Mechanisms -- OPTIMUM CAFFEINE DOSAGE -- Physical Performance -- Cognitive Performance -- CAFFEINE DELIVERY MECHANISMS -- SUMMARY -- 6 Special Considerations -- EDUCATION AND TRAINING ISSUES -- LABELING -- ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- ALTERNATIVES TO CAFFEINE FOR MAINTENANCE OF COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE -- Naps -- Pemoline -- Modafinil -- Amphetamine -- SUMMARY -- 7 Response to Military Questions, Conclusions, and Recommendations -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Hypertension -- Cardiovascular Disease -- Reproduction -- Osteoporosis -- Fluid Homeostasis -- Behavioral Effects -- Physical Dependence and Withdrawal -- Caffeine and Stress -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Combination of Caffeine and Naps -- Amphetamine -- Modafinil -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- ADDITIONAL RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- Appendixes -- A Workshop Agenda and Abstracts -- Workshop Abstracts -- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF MILITARY INTEREST AND RESEARCH ON ROLE OF CAFFEINE IN PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE -- CAFFEINE AND MUSCLE METABOLISM DURING PROLONGED EXERCISE -- EFFECT OF CAFFEINE ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND ALERTNESS -- CAFFEINE AND SENTRY DUTY PERFORMANCE -- Conclusions.

EYELID MOVEMENT AS A PHYSIOLOGICAL PREDICTOR OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT DURING SLEEP DEPRIVATION -- CIRCADIAN AND SLEEP HOMEOSTATIC MODULATION OF SLEEP AND PERFORMANCE -- CAFFEINE EFFECTS DURING SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND RECOVERY -- Objective -- Methods -- Results -- Conclusions -- CIRCADIAN AND HOMEOSTATIC INTERACTIONS IN WAKING NEUROBEHAVIORAL FUNCTIONS DURING PARTIAL AND TOTAL SLEEP DEPRIVATION:… -- CAFFEINE RESEARCH IN THE NAVY -- CAFFEINE AS A MODEL DRUG OF ABUSE -- CAFFEINE PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF CAFFEINE ABSTINENCE -- Implications of Caffeine Physical Dependence for Performance Assessment -- POSITIVE EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE OR NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE WITHDRAWAL -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Method -- Participants -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- PHARMACOLOGY OF CAFFEINE -- DESIGN OF A FOOD MATRIX FOR THE DELIVERY OF PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING COMPONENTS -- CAFFEINE AND CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTS FOR PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE -- COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE VERSUS AMPHETAMINE FOLLOWING SLEEP DEPRIVATION -- USE OF AMPHETAMINE TO COUNTERACT SLEEP DEPRIVATION IN AVIATORS -- EFFECT OF NAPS AND CAFFEINE ON ALERTNESS DURING SLEEP LOSS AND NOCTURNAL WORK PERIODS -- Methods -- Results -- B Previous Recommendations on Caffeine from the Committee on Military Nutrition Research -- CAFFEINE -- COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING FOOD COMPONENTS PROPOSED BY THE ARMY -- C Biographical Sketches -- COMMITTEE -- SPEAKERS.