Dispelling the Myths about Addiction -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Acronyms -- Summary -- PREVALENCE, COSTS, AND RESEARCH INVESTMENTS -- NEUROBIOLOGY OF ADDICTION: AN OVERVIEW -- PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS AND PREVENTION -- TREATING ADDICTIVE DISORDERS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Education and Training -- Resources Needed for Young Investigators -- Public Perceptions and Public Policy -- NOTES -- 1 Introduction -- DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS -- CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS -- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 Prevalence, Costs, and Investments -- PREVALENCE -- Illicit Drugs -- Alcohol -- Nicotine -- Overall Trends in Illicit Drug, Alcohol, and Nicotine Use -- ECONOMIC COSTS OF ADDICTION -- Estimating the Cost of Drug Abuse in the United States -- Comparison of Drug Addiction Costs with Costs of Other Diseases -- INVESTMENTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 3 Neurobiology of Addiction: An Overview -- THE BRAIN'S COMMON "REWARD" PATHWAY -- DRUG EFFECTS ON BRAIN REWARD SYSTEMS -- EMOTION, MEMORY, AND THE TRANSITION FROM USE TO ADDICTION -- VULNERABILITIES TO ADDICTION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 4 Psychosocial Factors and Prevention -- PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS -- PREVENTION -- Warning Labels on Alcoholic Beverages -- Warning Labels on Tobacco Products -- Advertising Bans -- Cigarette Promotions -- Alcohol Promotions -- Restrictions on Smoking in Specific Locations -- Prices and Use -- Access/Server Intervention -- The Role of Primary Care Physicians -- School-Based Prevention Programs -- Effective Programs -- Family-Based Interventions -- Media-Based Prevention Interventions -- Laws to Prevent Teen Alcohol Use and Smoking -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 5 Treating Addictive Disorders -- TREATMENTS FOR ALCOHOL AND COCAINE ADDICTION -- Treatment Setting -- Psychosocial or Behavioral Therapies -- Pharmacotherapy -- Matching Studies.

TREATMENTS FOR OPIOID ADDICTION -- Methadone Maintenance Pharmacotherapy -- New Pharmacotherapies for Opioid Addiction -- SMOKING CESSATION PROGRAMS -- Nicotine Chewing Gum -- Nicotine Patches -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 6 Education and Training -- CAREER PATHWAYS -- SECONDARY SCHOOL AND UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION -- Recommendations -- GRADUATE AND PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION -- Curricula -- Graduate School Programs -- Medical School Programs -- Strategies -- Recommendations -- THE IMPORTANCE OF MENTORS -- Strategies to Enhance the Role of Mentors -- Recommendations -- SPECIALIZATION AND CREDENTIALING ISSUES -- Recommendations -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 7 Resources Needed for Young Investigators -- FUNDING LEVELS -- THE PIPELINE -- Vulnerable Junctures and Lack of Research Training -- Alternatives to Federal Funding -- Competition with Senior Researchers -- Special Problems for Clinical Investigators -- Level Of Stipends -- Competing Demands -- Integration and Collaboration -- REFERENCES -- 8 Public Perceptions, Public Policies -- STIGMA -- Undervalued Area of Research -- ADVOCACY -- A MODEL FOR UNDERSTANDING THE EDUCATIONAL AND PUBLIC BARRIERS -- STRATEGIES -- Informing the Public -- The Role of Advocacy Groups -- REFERENCES -- Appendixes -- A Workshop Agenda -- INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES -- B Workshop Contributors and Participants -- INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES -- C Plenary Lecture I -- INTRODUCTION -- MULTIPLICITY OF DRUG EFFECTS -- Phase 1: Initiation of Drug Use-Prevention Research -- Phase 2: The Active Disease and Its Treatment -- Phase 3: Relapse and Its Prevention -- SUMMARY -- D Plenary Lecture II -- E History of Drug Addiction Research: Key Discoveries/Events, National Policies, and Funding -- F Recent Advances in Addiction Research.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, BRAIN IMAGING, AND ANATOMY -- General Issues -- Nicotine -- Opioids -- Stimulants -- Alcohol -- ANIMAL MODELS, EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS, AND GENETICS -- General Issues -- Nicotine -- Opioids -- Stimulants -- Alcohol -- G Recent Advances in Pharmacotherapy -- GENERAL ISSUES -- NICOTINE -- OPIOIDS -- STIMULANTS -- ALCOHOL -- H Recent Advances in Behavioral Sciences and Treatment -- GENERAL ISSUES -- NICOTINE -- STIMULANTS -- ALCOHOL -- I Key Barriers and Critical Strategies in the Research and Public Arenas -- RESEARCH ARENA -- Facilitating Integration and Collaboration -- Increasing Skilled Human Resources and Improving Quality -- Funding Stability and Adequacy -- PUBLIC ARENA -- Education and Training -- Tackling Stigma and Building Advocacy -- Index.