Reducing Stress Fracture in Physically Active Military Women -- Copyright -- Preface -- HISTORY OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE -- COMMITTEE TASKS AND PROCEDURES -- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE -- METHODS -- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT -- RESPONSE TO TASK QUESTIONS -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH BY THE MILITARY -- 1 Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Stress Fractures in Military Women -- ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS -- HORMONAL REGULATION OF BONE METABOLISM AND REMODELING -- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF STRESS FRACTURES -- Bone Loading -- Accelerated Remodeling -- Microdamage -- DIAGNOSIS -- EPIDEMIOLOGY -- Military Training Programs -- Army -- Navy and Marine Corps -- Air Force -- Fitness Levels of Recruits -- SUMMARY -- 2 Bone Health and Risk Factors -- BONE MINERAL DENSITY -- TECHNICAL MEASUREMENTS -- Bone Markers -- Bone Mass -- Genetic Markers -- Diet -- BODY COMPOSITION -- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND FITNESS -- ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES -- OTHER LIFESTYLE FACTORS -- SUMMARY -- 3 Effects of Caloric Intake, Physical Activity and Hormonal Factors on Bone Health -- CALORIC/HORMONAL FACTORS -- Effects of Low Energy Intake on Hormonal Levels and Bone Health -- Effect of Dieting and Weight Loss on Bone Health -- Incidence of Caloric Restriction and Disordered Eating Patterns in Military Women -- Hypothalamic Amenorrhea and Bone Health -- Possible Effects of Excessive Exercise on Bone Health -- SUMMARY -- 4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- RESPONSE TO TASK QUESTIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Bone Mass and Bone Health -- Fitness and Training -- Reproductive Health and Bone Health -- Energy Intake and Bone Health.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- Bibliography -- A Workshop Agenda and Abstracts -- WORKSHOP AGENDA -- Agenda -- WORKSHOP ABSTRACTS -- STRESS FRACTURE AMONG PHYSICALLY ACTIVE WOMEN IN THE GENERAL POPULATION -- PHYSICAL TRAINING INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE STRESS FRACTURE INCIDENCE IN NAVY AND MARINE CORPS RECRUIT TRAINING -- Introduction -- Ongoing Research -- Conclusions -- STRESS FRACTURE EXPERIENCE AT FORT JACKSON -- Introduction -- Physical Training and Rehabilitation Program -- Experience and Interesting Observations -- Interventions -- IS THERE A GENETIC BASIS FOR STRESS FRACTURES? -- STRUCTURAL INDICES OF STRESS FRACTURE SUSCEPTIBILITY IN FEMALE MILITARY RECRUITS -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- QUANTITATIVE ULTRASOUND AND OTHER RISK FACTORS FOR STRESS FRACTURE DURING BASIC TRAINING IN FEMALE U ... -- CALCIUM INTAKE AND EXERCISE LEVEL: SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS ON BONE -- CALCIUM AND IRON: FOOD VERSUS SUPPLEMENTS -- Mineral Requirements -- Bioavailability -- Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions -- Foods Versus Supplements -- DIETARY CALCIUM AND RELATED NUTRIENT INTAKES IN MILITARY MEN AND WOMEN -- References -- EFFECTS OF PROLONGED INACTIVITY ON THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM WITH EVALUATION OF COUNTER MEASURES -- Introduction -- Review -- Conclusions -- EFFECT OF MODULATORS OF BONE TURNOVER ON CHANGES IN MARKERS OF BONE TURNOVER -- IGF-1, MUSCLE MASS, AND BONE DENSITY -- DIETARY ENERGY REQUIREMENTS IN PHYSICALLY ACTIVE MEN AND WOMEN: THRESHOLD EFFECTS ON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION -- EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON THE FITNESS AND HEALTH OF POSTPARTUM SOLDIERS -- Results -- Conclusions -- THE ART AND SCIENCE OF LONGITUDINAL STUDIES OF HEALTHY YOUNG PEOPLE -- B Military Recommended Dietary Allowances(AR 40-25, 1985: Chapters 1 and 2) -- CONTENTS -- CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION -- 1-1. Purpose -- 1-2. References.

1-3. Explanation of abbreviations and terms -- 1-4. Responsibilities -- CHAPTER 2 NUTRITIONAL ALLOWANCES AND STANDARDS -- 2-1. Military recommended dietary allowances -- 2-2. Estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes -- 2-3. Nutrient standards for operational and restricted rations -- 2-4. Energy requirements -- 2-5. Nutrient discussion -- C Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Related Nutrients (IOM, 1997) -- D Biographical Sketches -- E Abbreviations.