Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric And Magnetic Fields -- Copyright -- Preface -- OTHER REPORTS OF THE COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE -- CONCLUSIONS OF THE COMMITTEE -- STUDY FINDINGS -- Epidemiology -- Exposure Assessment -- In Vitro Studies on Exposure to Electric and Magnetic Fields -- In Vivo Studies on Exposure to Electric and Magnetic Fields -- 1 Introduction -- BACKGROUND -- SCOPE OF THE STUDY -- AREAS OF CONCERN -- DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF TERMS -- Electric and Magnetic Fields -- Biologic Effects -- Health Effects -- Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies -- Risk Assessment -- SOURCES OF EXPOSURE -- Electric Power Lines -- Electric Appliances -- Transportation Systems -- WHY KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS IS IMPORTANT -- RELATED REPORTS -- ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT -- 2 Exposure and Physical Interactions -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- DEFINITION OF TERMS -- METHODS OF EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -- General Problems -- Measurement Methods and Instrumentation -- Field Calculations -- TYPICAL EXPOSURES -- Electric Fields -- Residential and Environmental Magnetic Fields -- Residence -- Background Fields -- Appliances -- Personal Monitoring -- Environmental Fields -- Power Lines (Transmission and Distribution) -- Occupational Magnetic Fields -- Workplace -- Personal Monitoring -- Transportation -- Transients -- EXPOSURES IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- Residential -- Wire Codes -- Calculations -- Distance -- Measurements -- Occupational -- EXPOSURES IN LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS -- Animal and Cellular Studies -- In Vivo Studies -- In Vitro Studies -- INDUCED FIELDS AND CURRENTS -- Electric-Field Exposure -- Magnetic-Field Exposure -- 3 Cellular and Molecular Effects -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.

UTILITY AND LIMITATIONS OF IN VITRO STUDIES -- GENOTOXICITY AND CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL OF POWER-FREQUENCY ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS -- EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF IN VITRO EFFECTS -- Heritable Changes in Cells Exposed In Vitro to Electric and Magnetic Fields -- Transient Changes in Cells Exposed In Vitro to Electric and Magnetic Fields -- Signal Transduction -- Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis -- Calcium Changes -- 4 Animal and Tissue Effects -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- CRITERIA FOR CONSIDERATION OF LITERATURE -- USE OF ANIMAL STUDIES IN EVALUATING RISK -- Types of Animal Studies Used in Descriptive Toxicology -- Acute Lethality -- Repeated-Dose Studies -- Subchronic Toxicity Studies -- Chronic Toxicity Studies -- Developmental and Reproductive Studies -- Cocarcinogenicity and Copromotion Studies of Electric and Magnetic Fields -- CARCINOGENIC AND MUTAGENIC EFFECTS -- Complete Carcinogen Studies -- Tumor-Initiation Studies -- Tumor-Promotion Studies -- REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS -- Nonmammalian Studies of 50- or 60-Hz Electric Fields -- Fish -- Chicken -- Mammalian Studies of 50- or 60-Hz Electric Fields -- Mice -- Rats -- Swine -- Cattle -- Nonmammalian Studies of Time-Varying Magnetic Fields -- Chicken -- Mammalian Studies of Time-Varying Magnetic Fields -- Mice -- Rats -- Summary of Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS -- Electric Fields -- Magnetic Fields -- Summary of Neurobehavioral Effects -- IN VIVO NEUROCHEMICAL AND NEUROENDOCRINE EFFECTS -- Neurochemical Effects -- Melatonin Effects -- Effects of Electric Fields on Animals -- Effects of Magnetic Fields on Animals -- Effects of Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields on Animals -- Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields on Humans -- Neuroendocrine Effects -- Consistency and Plausibility of Results -- BONE HEALING AND STIMULATED CELL GROWTH.

Regulation and Cell Biology of Bone -- Endogenous electromagnetic Properties of Bone -- Clinical Stimulation of Bone Healing with Electric and Magnetic Fields -- Potential Mechanisms of Electric-and Magnetic-Field Effects on Bone -- Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields on Signal Transduction in Bone -- A Hypothetical Scenario for Electric-and Magnetic-Field Effects on Bone -- DISCUSSION -- 5 Epidemiology -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- INTERPRETATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE -- Potential Sources of Error in Epidemiologic Studies -- Random Error -- Information Bias: Misclassification of Disease or Exposure -- Selection Bias -- Confounding and Effect Modification -- Criteria for Causality in Epidemiologic Studies -- CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY-RESIDENTIAL EXPOSURES -- Summary of Evidence -- Framework for the Interpretation of Evidence Linking Magnetic Fields to Childhood Cancer -- Are Wire Codes Associated with Cancer? -- Assessing the Association Between Residential Magnetic Fields and Childhood Leukemia Using Technique of Meta-Analysis to... -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Selection Bias and Control Selection in Residential Childhood Cancer Studies -- Information Bias in Residential Childhood Cancer Studies -- Conclusions on an Association Between Electric Wiring Near Residences and Childhood Cancer -- Is the Association of Cancer with Electric Wiring Near Residences Accounted for by Factors Other Than Magnetic Fields? -- Wire Codes and Potential Confounders -- Cancer and Potential Confounders -- Evidence of Confounding in Previous Studies -- Conclusions About Confounding -- Is the Association with Cancer Accounted for by Magnetic Fields? -- Review of Exposure-Assessment Methods in Residential Studies -- Evidence Linking Magnetic Fields to Cancer -- Evaluation of Epidemiologic Evidence.

Quality of Magnetic-Field Indicators and Strength of Association -- Dose-Response Gradients -- Confounding -- Consistency with Secular Trend Data -- CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY-APPLIANCE EXPOSURES -- CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY-OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES -- REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT -- Video-Display Terminals -- Residences -- Electric Appliances -- Workplaces -- Methodologic Issues -- LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR -- Suicide -- Depression -- Headaches -- Neuropsychologic Performance -- Summary -- 6 Risk Assessment -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RISK ASSESSMENT -- Hazard Identification -- Dose-Response Assessment -- Exposure Assessment -- Risk Characterization -- Biologic Mechanism of Action -- Overall Conclusions for Risk Assessment -- Other Possible Human-Health Effects -- 7 Research Needs and Research Agenda -- EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- Wire Codes and Childhood Cancer -- Wire Codes and Confounders -- Confounders and Childhood Cancer -- Wire Codes and Magnetic Fields -- Magnetic Fields and Childhood Cancer -- Improved Studies of Measured Residential Magnetic Fields and Childhood Cancer -- Studies of Magnetic Fields from Sources Other Than Power Lines -- LABORATORY STUDIES -- Engineering Studies -- Instrumentation and Transient Currents -- Biophysical Modeling -- Wire Codes -- Grounding System Currents -- Contemporary Versus Historical Exposures -- Wire Codes Versus Contemporary and Historical Magnetic-Field Measurements -- Biologic Studies -- RESEARCH STRATEGY -- Appendix A Tables -- Appendix B Exposure Assessment in Residential Studies -- WIRE CODES -- Magnetic-Field Measurements -- Wire Codes And Residential Magnetic Fields -- Prediction of Mean Fields and Variance in Fields -- Prediction of Categories of Fields -- Wire Codes And Personal Exposure To Magnetic Fields -- Refinements in Wire Codes -- Historical Versus Contemporary Measurements.

Variability in the Wire-Code and Magnetic-Field Association -- Alternative Magnetic-Field Indices -- Wire Codes And Transient And Variable Fields -- References -- Glossary -- Biographic Sketches of Committee Members -- Index.