Separation Technologies for the Industries of the Future -- Copyright -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PREFACE -- CONTENTS -- TABLES AND FIGURES -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- KEY NEEDS FOR SEPARATION PROCESSES -- CROSS-CUTTING RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES -- Separation Processes for the Chemical and Petroleum Refining Industries -- Bulk Sorting Technologies for the Materials Processing Industries -- Dilute Gaseous and Aqueous Streams -- Drying and Dewatering Technologies -- Lower Cost Oxygen Production -- RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES -- RECOMMENDED CRITERIA -- 1 Introduction -- INDUSTRIAL SEPARATION PROCESSES -- OFFICE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH PROGRAM -- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENTS -- PANEL ON SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY FOR INDUSTRIAL RECYCLING AND REUSE -- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT -- 2 Chemical Industry -- TRADITIONAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SEPARATION PROCESSES -- Distillation -- Crystallization -- Adsorption -- Membrane Processes -- Absorption and Stripping -- Extraction -- SEPARATION NEEDS -- Production of Industrial Gases -- Reactive Metal Complex Sorbents -- Polymer Membranes -- Sorbents -- Production of High Purity Gases -- Dense Perovskite-Type Oxide Membranes -- Inorganic Membranes -- Polymer-Inorganic Hybrid Membranes -- Removal of Acid Gases -- Distillation Technologies -- Heat Cascading -- Vapor Compression -- Coupled Chemical Synthesis and Distillation -- Membrane Separation and Distillation -- Drying Technologies -- Production of Chiral Compounds -- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography -- Crystallization -- Separation of Components from Dilute Streams -- Reactive Metal Complex Sorbents -- Gas Separation Membranes -- Reducing Agents -- Electrically Aided Membrane Separation -- Continuous Adsorption Processes -- Air Oxidation Combined with Absorption.

Adsorbent Specificity for Separation of Bioprocessing Streams -- Recycling Polymeric Materials -- SUMMARY -- 3 Petroleum Refining Industry -- SEPARATION NEEDS -- Organic/Organic Separation -- Olefin/Paraffin Separation -- Methane Conversion -- Isomer Separations -- Separation of Asphaltenes from Petroleum -- Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene and Paraffins -- Direct Conversion of Hydrogen Sulfide to Hydrogen and Sulfur -- Hydrogen Gas Separation -- Removal of Acid Gases -- Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from Gases -- Removal of Organics from Wastewater -- Removal of Particulates -- SUMMARY -- 4 Cross-Cutting Issues for the Chemical and Petroleum Refining Industries -- INTRODUCTION -- COMMON NEEDS -- SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES -- Separation Processes Associated with Chemical Reactions -- Reactive Metal Complex Sorbents/Chemically Facilitated Transport Membranes -- Separation Processes Coupled with Chemical Synthesis -- Membrane Reactors -- Separation Methods with Multiple Driving Forces -- Adsorbent Specificity -- Electrically Aided Separation -- Reversible Complexation of Organics with Organic Agents -- Chemical Reactions -- ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES -- Membrane Materials -- Sorbent Materials -- On-line Diagnostics and Sensors -- Improved Understanding of Thermodynamics -- 5 Aluminum Industry -- SEPARATION NEEDS -- Separation Processes for Improving Metal Purity -- Primary Smelting -- Upgrading Scrap -- Solid Residues -- Gaseous and Aqueous Emissions -- SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES -- Upgrading Scrap -- Recycling Salt Cake -- Gaseous and Aqueous Emissions -- SUMMARY -- 6 Steel Industry -- SEPARATION NEEDS -- Coke Production -- Ironmaking -- Oxygen Steelmaking -- Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking -- Ladle or Secondary Refining -- Scrap Separation -- Direct Reduced Iron -- Gaseous and Aqueous Emissions -- SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES.

Removal of Impurities from Molten Metal -- Scrap Separation -- Improved Ore for Direct Reduction of Iron -- Gaseous and Liquid Emissions -- SUMMARY -- 7 Metal Casting Industry -- SEPARATION NEEDS -- Mould Production -- Casting Production -- Removal of Impurities from Molten Metal -- Upgrading Scrap -- Sand Reclamation -- Gaseous and Aqueous Emissions -- SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES -- Sand Reclamation -- Gaseous and Aqueous Emissions -- SUMMARY -- 8 Glass Industry -- SEPARATION NEEDS -- Melting and Fining -- Recycling of Cullet -- Fiberglass Recycling -- Specialty Glass -- SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES -- Cullet Sorting and Recycling -- Gaseous Emissions -- Better Understanding of Glass Processes -- SUMMARY -- 9 Forest Products Industry -- SEPARATION NEEDS -- Pulping -- Brown-Stock Washing -- Black Liquor -- Low Effluent Conditions -- Bleaching -- Hazardous Air Pollutants -- Papermaking -- Paper Recycling -- Lumber -- SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES -- Pulping Streams -- Bleach Effluent -- Inorganics and Organics in Effluent Streams -- Removal of Contaminants from Recycled Fiber Streams -- Drying -- SUMMARY -- 10 Cross-cutting Issues for the Materials Processing Industries -- INTRODUCTION -- COMMON NEEDS -- SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES -- Methods of Separating and Sorting Solids Based on Physical Properties -- Separation Processes Based on Melting Points -- Separation Processes Based on Gravity -- Separation Processes Based on Magnetic and Electric Forces -- Separation Processes Based on Optical Properties -- ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES -- Lower Cost Oxygen -- Particle Characterization -- On-line Diagnostics and Sensors -- 11 Conclusions and Recommendations -- KEY SEPARATION PROCESS NEEDS -- RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES -- Separation Processes for the Chemical and Petroleum Refining Industries -- Bulk Sorting Technologies for the Materials Processing Industries.

Dilute Gaseous and Aqueous Streams -- Drying and Dewatering Technologies -- Lower Cost Oxygen -- RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES IN ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES -- Membrane Materials -- Sorbent Materials -- On-line Diagnostics and Sensors -- Improved Understanding of Thermodynamics -- Particle Characterization -- RECOMMENDED CRITERIA -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX A BIOGRAPHIES OF PANEL MEMBERS.