Finding Common Ground -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Brief Overview -- U.S. POLICY -- THE COCOM REGIME -- PROLIFERATION REGIMES -- THE U.S. CONTROL REGIME -- 1 Introduction -- MANDATE AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY -- SCOPE OF THE PANEL'S WORK -- FOCUS OF THE STUDY IN A RAPIDLY CHANGING ENVIRONMENT -- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT -- NOTES -- 2 The Need for Export Controls in a Changed Global Environment -- MILITARY AND POLITICAL CHANGES IN THE SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN EUROPE -- GROWING ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES FOR THE UNITED STATES -- NEW THREATS TO INTERNATIONAL SECURITY -- REDEFINITION OF U.S. POLICY -- NOTE -- 3 The Impact of Export Controls on U.S. Industry -- AREAS OF CONCERN TO U.S. INDUSTRY -- Unilateralism -- Lack of Selectivity in Developing and Managing Control Lists -- Lack of Fairness and Efficiency in the U.S. Export Control Process -- THE EFFECT OF EXPORT CONTROLS ON SPECIFIC U.S. INDUSTRIAL SECTORS -- Advanced Materials -- Commercial Aircraft and Jet Engines -- Computers -- SUMMARY -- NOTES -- 4 Evidence on the Acquisition of Sensitive Western Technology -- SOVIET AND WTO TECHNOLOGY ACQUISITION EFFORTS PRIOR TO 1990 -- ESPIONAGE -- Illegal Sales -- Diversion -- Legal Sales -- CHANGES IN THE NATURE AND PATTERNS OF SOVIET AND WTO TECHNOLOGY ACQUISITION SINCE THE BEGINNING OF 1990 -- SOVIET UTILIZATION OF ACQUIRED WESTERN TECHNOLOGY -- ACQUISITION OF TECHNOLOGIES OF PROLIFERATION CONCERN -- THE ROLE OF THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY IN THE EXPORT CONTROL POLICY PROCESS -- THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE INTELLIGENCE EVIDENCE -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- NOTES -- 5 The Changing Calculus of U.S. National Security Interests -- GROWING ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES -- CHANGES IN THE TRADITIONAL SOURCES OF PHYSICAL THREAT -- Changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe -- Soviet Defense Doctrine and Military Force Deployment.

Economic Exchange with the East -- The PRC as a National Security Threat -- Summary Findings and Recommendations on the Traditional Threat -- THE ADVENT OF NEW SOURCES OF PHYSICAL THREAT -- Regional Instability -- Proliferation of Nuclear, Missile, and Chemical Technologies -- NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION -- MISSILE DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY -- CHEMICAL WEAPONS -- Summary Findings and Recommendations on the Proliferation Threat -- NOTES -- 6 The U.S. and Multilateral Export Control Regimes -- DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXPORT CONTROL REGIMES -- The Cold War Response -- U.S. Export Control Policy -- CoCom -- COCOM METHODOLOGY -- THIRD COUNTRY COOPERATION -- A COMMON STANDARD OF LICENSING AND ENFORCEMENT -- INTRA-COCOM TRADE -- The Proliferation Challenge -- NUCLEAR WEAPONS -- MISSILE TECHNOLOGY -- CHEMICAL WEAPONS -- Country-Specific Objectives -- SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF U.S. EXPORT CONTROLS -- Control List Management -- EAA NATIONAL SECURITY -- EAA FOREIGN POLICY -- MUNITIONS LIST -- Regulations -- License Processing -- NATIONAL SECURITY CASES -- FOREIGN POLICY CASES -- Nuclear -- Missile Technology -- Chemicals -- Enforcement -- BASIC PROBLEMS OF THE U.S. EXPORT CONTROL REGIMES -- Multiplicity of Statutes, Agencies, and Regimes -- Jurisdictional Disputes -- Licensing Complexity -- Overlapping Enforcement -- Outdated and Confusing Control Lists -- Ineffective Dispute Resolution -- Exercise of Export Control Authority -- Nature and Extent of Unilateral Controls -- Insufficient Judicial Review -- Industry Participation -- NOTES -- 7 Elements of a New Response: U.S. Policy -- THE NEED FOR EXPORT CONTROLS IN THE NEW ERA -- A NEW APPROACH TO EAST-WEST EXPORT CONTROLS -- NEW TARGETS FOR NATIONAL SECURITY EXPORT CONTROLS -- LIMITATIONS ON CERTAIN TYPES AND USES OF EXPORT CONTROLS -- 8 Elements of a New Response: Multilateral Control Regimes -- COCOM: A NEW DIRECTION.

COCOM: A NEW ENVIRONMENT -- "Borderless" Trade Within the European Community -- Third Country Cooperation -- COCOM: ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT -- PROLIFERATION CONTROLS: THE NEED FOR COLLECTIVE SECURITY -- Coordination of Current Regimes -- High-Level Leadership and Policy Coordination -- The Applicability of Export Controls to the Control of Proliferation -- Nuclear Export Controls -- Missile Export Controls -- Chemical Export Controls -- Recommendations for Specific Changes in Proliferation Control Regimes -- 9 Elements of a New Response: The U.S. Control Regime -- POLICY PROCESS GOALS -- POLICY FORMULATION -- Presidential Leadership -- Policy Mechanisms -- EXPORT CONTROL POLICY COORDINATING COMMITTEE -- NATIONAL SECURITY EXPORT CONTROL INTERAGENCY GROUPS -- WORKING GROUPS AND TECHNICAL GROUPS -- NSD Areas of Concern -- LIST CONSTRUCTION -- REGULATORY PROCEDURES, LICENSING, AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION -- POLICY EXECUTION -- Consolidated Administration -- Administrative Alternatives -- OTHER CHANGES RELATING TO PROPOSED REFORMS -- Changes in Agency and Legislative Authority -- Standards for Munitions and Dual Use Items -- Integration and Review of Control Lists -- Time Limits and Dispute Resolution -- Administrative Due Process and Appropriate Judicial Review -- Enforcement Issues -- U.S. Representation at CoCom -- ENHANCING INDUSTRY PARTICIPATION -- NOTES -- 10 Improving Methods for List Construction and Review -- REDESIGNING LIST CONSTRUCTION AND REVIEW FOR EAST-WEST CONTROLS -- Identify Items of Concern -- Identify the Relative National Security Benefits of Controls -- Identify the Relative Economic and Foreign Policy Costs of Controls -- Compare and Balance Benefits and Costs -- List Review, Sunsetting, and Occasional Reconstruction -- GENERALIZATION TO OTHER CONTROL REGIMES -- CONTROLLABILITY -- 11 Key Findings and Conclusions of the Panel.

THE NEED FOR EXPORT CONTROLS IN A CHANGED GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT -- Growing Economic and Technological Challenges for the United States -- A Redefinition of U.S. Export Control Policy -- THE IMPACT OF EXPORT CONTROLS ON U.S. INDUSTRY -- EVIDENCE ON THE ACQUISITION OF SENSITIVE WESTERN TECHNOLOGY -- Espionage -- Diversion and Legal Purchases -- The Role of the Intelligence Community in the Export Control Policy Process -- THE CHANGING CALCULUS OF U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY INTERESTS -- The Growing Importance of Exports to U.S. Economic Vitality -- Changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe -- Growing Economic Exchanges with the East -- The People's Republic of China as a National Security Threat -- The Changed Traditional Threats to U.S. National Security -- The Proliferation Threat -- THE U.S. AND MULTILATERAL EXPORT CONTROL REGIMES -- Third Country Cooperation -- Basic Problems of the U.S. Export Control Regimes -- MULTIPLICITY OF STATUTES, AGENCIES, AND REGIMES -- JURISDICTIONAL DISPUTES -- OVERLAPPING ENFORCEMENT -- OUTDATED AND CONFUSING U.S. CONTROL LISTS -- INEFFECTIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION -- NATURE AND EXTENT OF UNILATERAL CONTROLS -- INSUFFICIENT JUDICIAL REVIEW -- INDUSTRY PARTICIPATION -- THE NEED FOR EXPORT CONTROLS IN THE NEW ERA -- NEW TARGETS FOR NATIONAL SECURITY EXPORT CONTROLS -- LIMITATIONS ON CERTAIN TYPES AND USES OF EXPORT CONTROLS -- COCOM: A NEW DIRECTION -- COCOM: A NEW ENVIRONMENT -- "Borderless" Trade within the European Community -- Third Country Cooperation -- COCOM: ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT -- COORDINATION OF CURRENT NONPROLIFERATION REGIMES -- Nuclear Export Controls -- Missile Export Controls -- Chemical Export Controls -- CHANGES TO THE U.S. CONTROL REGIME -- Policy Formulation -- Administrative Alternatives -- Enforcement Issues -- Enhancing Industry Participation -- 12 Summary of Recommendations of the Panel.

RESHAPE U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY IN RESPONSE TO THE CHANGING CALCULUS OF U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY INTERESTS -- Changed Traditional Threat -- Increased Proliferation Threat -- Role of the Intelligence Community in the Export Control Process -- DEVELOP NEW U.S. AND MULTILATERAL EXPORT CONTROL REGIMES -- U.S. Policy -- Foreign Policy Controls -- Proliferation Controls: The Need for Collective Security -- Multilateral Control Regimes -- COCOM: A NEW DIRECTION -- BORDERLESS TRADE WITHIN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY -- THIRD COUNTRY COOPERATION -- COCOM ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT -- The U.S. Control Regime -- POLICY FORMULATION -- Provide Explicit Presidential Leadership -- List construction -- Regulatory procedures, licensing, and dispute resolution -- Develop Formal Policy Mechanisms -- Export Control Policy Coordinating Committee -- National security export control interagency groups -- Working groups and technical groups -- Institutionalize Economic Security in a National Security Framework -- Develop Standards for Munitions and Dual Use Items -- Set Time Limits and Dispute Resolution Procedures -- POLICY EXECUTION -- Consolidate Administration in a Single Agency -- Designate the Commerce Department's Bureau of Export Administration as the Single Administrative Agency for Export Controls -- OTHER CHANGES RELATED TO PROPOSED REFORMS -- Harmonize the Structure of Control Lists -- Provide for Administrative Due Process and Appropriate Judicial Review -- Resolve Enforcement Issues -- Enhance U.S. Representation at CoCom -- Increase Industry Participation -- APPENDIXES -- APPENDIX A Report of the Subpanel on Advanced Industrial Materials -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- Nature of the Problem -- Findings and Conclusions -- THE U.S. ADVANCED MATERIALS INDUSTRY AND U.S. EXPORT CONTROLS.

RELATIONSHIP OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND ASSOCIATED TECHNOLOGY TO MILITARILY CRITICAL WEAPONS SYSTEMS.