Cities and Their Vital Systems -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Cities and Infrastructure: Synthesis and Perspectives -- REFERENCES -- 2 The Dynamic Characterization of Cities -- EVOLUTION OF A CITY -- COMPARISON OF CITIES -- DATA COLLECTION AND INTERPRETATION -- Statistical Analysis -- Data Presentation and Results -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX A SELECTED STUDY VARIABLES: EXPLANATORY NOTES -- APPENDIX B CHARACTERISTICS OF EIGHT U.S. CITIES (ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES) -- 3 How Cities Grew in the Western World: A Systems Approach -- A DUAL MODEL OF URBAN SYSTEMS: ECONOMIC EXCHANGE AND SPATIAL CONFIGURATIONS -- THE DYNAMICS OF GROWTH AND CHANGE -- IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURES -- REFERENCES -- 4 Urban Systems and Historical Path Dependence -- THE EVOLUTION OF LOCATIONAL PATTERNS: THREE MODELS -- Model I. Pure Necessity: Location under Independent Preferences -- Model 2. Pure Chance: Location by Spin-Off -- Model 3. Chance and Necessity: Location under Agglomeration Economies -- PATH-DEPENDENCE AND CONVEXITY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 An Economic Model of Urban Growth -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX -- 6 Growth of U.S. Cities and Recent Trends in Urban Real Estate Values -- DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL METROPOLITAN INFRASTRUCTURE -- INFRASTRUCTURE LESSONS FROM GEOGRAPHIC HISTORY -- PAYING FOR INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE NEW SERVICE ECONOMY -- INFRASTRUCTURE AT THE LOCAL SCALE -- HOUSEHOLDS AND HOUSING UNITS IN THE LARGEST CITIES -- Socioeconomic Status of Households -- Stage in the Household Life Cycle -- Race and Ethnicity -- SOCIAL STATUS AND HOUSING VALUE OF NEIGHBORHOODS -- Chicago -- Los Angeles -- New York City -- COMPARING CENTRAL CITY AND METROPOLITAN AREA HOUSING VALUES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Infrastructures for Movement: Past and Future -- METHODOLOGY -- Case 1: The Malthusian Population.

Case 2: One-to-One Competition -- Case 3: Multiple Competition -- AIR TRANSPORT -- 1995 AND BEYOND -- MOVING ENERGY -- Coal -- Oil -- Natural Gas -- Nuclear Energy -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX -- Special Cases: The Malthusian Case -- One-to-One Competition Case -- Multiple Competition Case -- 8 Dynamics and Replacement of U.S. Transport Infrastructures -- TRANSPORTATION -- Aircraft -- The Automobile -- Railroads -- Canals -- Transport Infrastructure -- PRIMARY ENERGY -- Energy Consumption -- Energy Substitution -- Crude Oil and Natural Gas Transport -- CONCLUSIONS -- APPENDIX -- Estimation Methods for the Logistic Growth Function -- The Technological Substitution Models and Parameter Estimates -- NOTES -- Bibliography -- 9 Air Traffic Congestion: Problems and Prospects -- CAUSES OF AIRPORT CONGESTION -- PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT -- 10 Combining Communications and Computing: Telematics Infrastructures -- COMPONENTS OF A TELEMATICS INFRASTRUCTURE -- Data Transmission Facilities -- Data Switching Facilities -- Terminals -- Distributed Processing -- Standards and Protocols -- ARRANGEMENT OF TELEMATICS SYSTEMS -- Topologies and Data Flows -- Networks -- SOCIAL ISSUES -- Computer Intrusion -- The Innovation Process -- PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE -- Components -- Facilities Arrangements -- Social Issues -- Continuing Evolution -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 11 Reflections on the Telecommunications Infrastructure -- THE MARKET SHIFT -- EFFECTS ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND ORGANIZATIONS -- MEANINGFUL MEASUREMENT AND PROJECTION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 12 Water Supply and Distribution: The Next 50 Years -- THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER SYSTEMS -- POLLUTION AND SUPPLY -- CLIMATE CHANGE, GROUNDWATER POLLUTION, AND WATER POLICY -- THE IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING SYSTEMS -- CONSERVATION -- INTERBASIN TRANSFER.

RESTRUCTURING MARKETS AND REDESIGNING INSTITUTIONS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 13 The Urban Wastewater Infrastructure -- THE COLLECTION SYSTEM -- The Combined Sewer -- Urban Hygiene -- Land Use Management -- WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND THE RECEIVING WATER BODY -- Biological Wastewater Treatment -- Physical and Chemical Methods of Wastewater Treatment -- Water Quality Standards -- Pretreatment of Industrial Wastewaters -- Sludge Management -- COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 14 New Construction Technologies for Rebuilding the Nation's Infrastructure -- THE CURRENT PROBLEM -- NEW MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY -- NEW MONITORING AND SENSING TECHNOLOGIES -- NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING -- NEW CONSTRUCTION METHODS -- CONSTRUCTION ROBOTICS -- NEW MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES -- DATA BASES FOR MANAGEMENT -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 15 Longevity of Infrastructure -- THE IMMORTALITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE -- Electric Power Plants -- Dams -- Bridges -- Roads -- HOW LONG COULD ELEMENTS OF INFRASTRUCTURE LAST? -- HOW LONG SHOULD INFRASTRUCTURE LAST? -- GENERAL OBSERVATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Contributors -- Index.