Keeping Pace with Science and Engineering -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction: Environmental Regulation and Changing Science and Technology -- NOTES -- Nutrient Loadings to Surface Waters: Chesapeake Bay Case Study -- THE FORMATIVE YEARS -- Federal Studies and Legislation -- The Chesapeake Region -- Control of Point Source Nutrient Loading -- Control of Nonpoint Source Nutrient Loading -- THE PERIOD OF THE EPA BAY STUDY -- Setting the Stage -- The Bay Study -- THE ACTION YEARS -- Nutrient Research -- Nutrient Management -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- The Interplay between Science and Management -- Sources of Inertia -- Overcoming Inertia -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Tropospheric Ozone -- A BRIEF HISTORY OF OZONE LEGISLATION AND REGULATION -- The 1970 Amendments -- The 1977 Amendments -- The 1990 Amendments -- California Regulation -- PIVOTAL ISSUES IN FORMULATING REGULATIONS -- Formulation of the Standard -- Setting the Original Standard -- Revising the Standard -- Subsequent Review of the Standard -- Emission Control Strategies -- Range of Objectives -- Spatial Scales -- Motor Vehicles: Inspection and Maintenance -- Technological Improvements and Modifications to the Motor Vehicle -- Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Programs -- Motor Vehicles: Reducing Use -- Other Topics -- Assessment of Progress toward Attainment of the Standard -- Retrospective Analyses of State Implementation Plans -- Introduction of "Cleaner" Fuels -- THE INTERPLAY OF REGULATION AND SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT -- The Response of the Regulatory System to New Scientific Understanding -- Incentives and Disincentives in the Regulatory System -- Acceptance of New Information by the Regulatory Community -- Governmental Perspectives, Incentives, and Disincentives -- Role of Technology in Shaping Actions of the Regulatory System.

A PROPOSAL FOR CONSIDERATION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Municipal Waste Combustion and New Source Performance Standards: Use of Scientific and Technical Information -- FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS -- THE MWC INDUSTRY -- Historical Development -- Current Industry Status -- Technology Used between 1975 and 1989 -- Combustion Design -- Composition of Air Emissions -- MWC Air Pollution Control Technology -- EPA INVOLVEMENT IN MWC REGULATION -- Chronology of Legislative, Legal, and Regulatory Activities -- Need for a Regulatory Program -- Projected National Impact -- Evaluation of Risks -- Options for EPA Involvement in Air Regulatory Programs -- Choice of Regulatory Authority -- Factors Leading to Federal Involvement -- NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS -- Development of Specific Standards -- Good Combustion Practices -- Particulate and Metal Controls -- Acid Gas Controls -- Organic Controls -- Nitrogen Oxides -- Materials Separation -- Rationale for Proposed Requirement -- Scientific and Technical Data -- Political Debate Concerning Materials Separation -- OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THE USE OF INFORMATION -- Science versus Politics -- Different Governmental Perspectives -- Incentives for Seeking New Information -- CONCLUSIONS -- APPENDIX: DESCRIPTIONS OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS -- Electrostatic Precipitators -- Fabric Filters -- Acid Gas Scrubbers -- Nitrogen Oxide Controls -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Trihalomethanes and Other By-Products Formed by Chlorination of Drinking Water -- CHRONOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC FINDINGS -- CHRONOLOGY OF REGULATORY ACTIONS -- CHRONOLOGY OF CONFOUNDING EVENTS -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Acid Deposition -- OVERVIEW OF EXISTING INFORMATION -- Definition and Origin -- Research Efforts -- National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program -- Results -- OVERVIEW OF THE REGULATORY STRATEGY.

LINKS BETWEEN INFORMATION AND POLICY CHOICE -- Results of Assessment Studies -- Contribution of Models -- Assessment of NAPAP's Effectiveness -- LESSONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLICYMAKING -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Formaldehyde Science: From the Laboratory to the Regulatory Arena -- BACKGROUND-A UBIQUITOUS AND IRRITATING CHEMICAL -- THE INDICTMENT-IS FORMALDEHYDE A HUMAN CARCINOGEN? -- NEW REVELATIONS -- Delivered Dose (DPX) -- Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis -- Epidemiology -- THE CONSEQUENCES-THE AGENCIES RESPOND -- Consumer Product Safety Commission -- Occupational Safety and Health Administration -- Environmental Protection Agency -- THE STATES ENTER THE RING -- THE DEBATE -- OBSERVATIONS -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- The Dioxin TCDD: A Selective Study of Science and Policy Interaction -- MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC DATA -- Animal Studies -- Epidemiological Studies -- Immunology -- REGULATORY LIMITS -- Risk Models -- TCDD as an Exception -- The Current EPA Reassessment -- THREE CASES OF RISK REGULATION -- The Pesticide 2,4,5-T -- Agent Orange -- Clean Water Act -- THE PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF CHEMICAL RISK -- DISCUSSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Science, Engineering, and Regulation -- THE LAWS AND THE REGULATORY PROCESS -- THE ROLE OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS -- WHAT OTHER INSTITUTIONS CAN DO -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCE -- Environmental Regulation and Technical Change: Overview and Observations -- INCORPORATING NEW TECHNICAL INFORMATION -- ACTING WITHOUT ADEQUATE SCIENCE -- POLICY AGENDA NOT BASED ON SCIENCE -- THE INFLUENCE OF POLITICS ON THE SCIENTIFIC AGENDA -- IMPROVING THE PROCESS -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- Biographical Data -- STEERING COMMITTEE -- AUTHORS -- Abbreviations -- Index.