Technology and Employment -- Copyright -- Sponsors -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN ECONOMIC WELFARE -- CENTRAL FINDINGS -- Employment and Wage Impacts of Technological Change in an Open Economy -- Technology and the Characteristics of Tomorrow's Jobs -- Technology and Work Force Adjustment -- POLICY OPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Recommendations for the Public Sector -- Policies for Worker Adjustment -- Training for Labor Market Entrants -- Equal Employment Opportunity -- Science and Technology Policy to Support the Adoption of New Technologies -- The Adequacy of the Data -- Health and Safety Impacts of Technological Change -- Recommendations for the Private Sector -- Labor-Management Collaboration in Technology Adoption -- Elements of "Best-Practice" Strategies for Technology Adoption -- Protection from the Costs of Displacement -- Education for Managers -- 1 Introduction -- TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN ECONOMIC WELFARE -- WHOSE JOBS ARE AFFECTED BY TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE? -- TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND EMPLOYMENT IN AN "OPEN" ECONOMY -- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT -- 2 The Sources and Rate of Technological Change in the U.S. Economy -- DEFINING TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE -- Invention, Innovation, and Diffusion -- Influences on Invention, Innovation, and Diffusion -- The Interaction of Technological and Organizational Change -- Measuring Technological Change -- SOURCES OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE -- Industrially Funded Research and Development in the United States -- Federally Funded Research and Development -- Foreign Research and Development -- THE DIFFUSION OF TECHNOLOGY -- Factors Affecting the Diffusion of Technology -- Obstacles to the Diffusion of Technology -- KEY TECHNOLOGY "CLUSTERS" -- Information Technologies -- Computer-Aided Manufacturing Technologies -- Advanced Materials -- Biotechnology -- SUMMARY.

3 Labor Supply and Demand Within the U.S. Economy -- THE U.S. ECONOMY: CHANGES IN STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE SINCE THE 1960S -- TRENDS IN U.S. UNEMPLOYMENT -- Aggregate Unemployment -- Displacement -- TRENDS IN LABOR SUPPLY -- Long-Term Growth -- Labor Force Growth, 1947-1986 -- Projected Growth, 1984-1995 -- Educational Attainment of the U.S. Labor Force, 1959-1990 -- Comparing the Educational Attainment of U.S. Labor Market Entrants with Those of Other Nations -- LABOR DEMAND -- Growth in Labor Productivity and Output -- Changes in the Sectoral Composition of Output and Employment -- INTERNATIONAL TRADE, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, AND U.S. EMPLOYMENT -- International Trade and Employment -- Technological Change and U.S. Exports -- The Competitiveness of U.S. Industry -- Unit Labor Costs in U.S. and Foreign Manufacturing, 1950-1985 -- SUMMARY -- 4 Studies of the Impact of Technological Change on Employment, Skills, and Earnings: A Critical Review -- THE EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE -- Policy-Oriented Studies -- Studies of Individual Firms, Industries, or Occupations -- Aggregate Analyses -- Summary -- SKILL REQUIREMENTS AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE -- Case Studies of Manufacturing -- Case Studies of Office Automation -- THE EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ON THE LEVEL OF EARNINGS -- Growth in Real Earnings During the Postwar Period -- The Impact on Compensation of Worker Movement Among Sectors -- TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF EARNINGS AND INCOME -- The Distribution of Earnings and Income -- Explaining the Trends -- 5 Differential Technology Impacts: Black Workers, Female Workers, and Labor Force Entrants -- BLACK WORKERS -- FEMALE WORKERS -- LABOR FORCE ENTRANTS -- 6 Technological Change and the Work Environment -- THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ON ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE -- The Structure of the Firm.

The Structure of the Workplace -- LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE -- Human Resources Challenges and Strategies -- Adoption Strategies in the Unionized Workplace -- Impediments to Best-Practice Adoption Strategies -- TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND WORKPLACE HEALTH AND SAFETY -- Workplace Hazards Created by Technological Change -- Technology's Potential for Reducing Workplace Hazards -- Changes in the Work Environment -- 7 Current Policies for Worker Adjustment -- JOB-RELATED TRAINING -- Where Do Workers Receive Their Training? -- The Adequacy of the Training System -- TRAINING IN BASIC SKILLS FOR LABOR FORCE ENTRANTS5 -- DISPLACED WORKERS -- Characteristics -- Federal Training and Income Support Programs -- The Job Training Partnership Act -- Trade Adjustment Assistance -- Unemployment Insurance -- Federal Assistance for ''Upgrade'' Training for Employed Workers -- Evaluation of Federal Displaced Worker Programs -- State Programs: The California Employment Training Panel -- Displaced Workers and Adult Education -- Private Adjustment Programs -- Advance Notice of Plant Shutdowns or Permanent Layoffs as a Mechanism for Adjustment -- 8 The Quality of Data on Technological Change, Its Employment Effects, and Adjustment Mechanisms -- DATA ON TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE -- A STRATEGY FOR SURVEYS OF THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE WORKPLACE -- Surveys of Firms -- A Survey of Workers and Working Conditions -- INFORMATION ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WORKER ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS -- 9 Findings -- CENTRAL FINDINGS -- Employment and Wage Impacts of Technological Change in an Open Economy -- Technology and the Characteristics of Tomorrow's Jobs -- Technology and Work Force Adjustment -- CHAPTER FINDINGS -- Chapter 2: The Sources and Rate of Technological Change in the U.S. Economy.

Chapter 3: Labor Supply and Demand Within the U.S. Economy -- Chapter 4: Studies of the Impact of Technological Change on Employment, Skills, and Earnings: A Critical Review -- Chapter 5: Differential Technology Impacts: Black Workers, Female Workers, and Labor Force Entrants -- Chapter 6: Technological Change and the Work Environment -- Chapter 7: Current Policies for Worker Adjustment -- Chapter 8: The Quality of Data on Technological Change, Its Employment Effects, and Adjustment Mechanisms -- 10 Policy Options and Recommendations -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE PUBLIC SECTOR -- Policies for Worker Adjustment -- Aiding Worker Adjustment to Technological Change -- Options for Adjustment Assistance for Displaced Workers -- Operation and Costs of Program Options -- Advance Notice of Plant Closures and Large Permanent Layoffs -- Training for Labor Market Entrants -- Equal Employment Opportunity -- Science and Technology Policy to Support the Adoption of New Technologies -- The Adequacy of the Data -- Health and Safety Impacts of Technological Change -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE PRIVATE SECTOR -- Labor-Management Collaboration in Technology Adoption -- Elements of ''Best-Practice'' Strategies for Technology Adoption -- Protection from the Costs of Displacement -- Education for Managers -- References -- A Cosepup Charge to the Panel -- B Consultants to and Briefers of the Panel -- C Papers Commissioned by the Panel -- D Statement of Anne O. Krueger -- Index.